1,445 research outputs found
Problèmes et perspectives des finances locales en France
Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014  dofinansowane zostało ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę
Les antécédents au droit des religions
Dissertant sur le régime juridique des religions dans un État, les juristes recourent à un vocabulaire varié. Dans l’ancien droit, les termes droit canon, droit canonique, droit ecclésiastique sont interchangeables. Les auteurs s’attachent au contenu de ce droit et traitent, selon leurs propres préoccupations, des affaires de la religion, des libertés de l’Église, ou encore de la police ecclésiastique. Une évolution se fera au cours de laquelle on s’attachera davantage à la source édictant les normes : le droit canonique est formulé par l’Église et le droit ecclésiastique par l’État. L’expression de droit civil ecclésiastique aura un temps son utilité au cours du xxe siècle, pour assurer cette mutation permettant de distinguer les deux disciplines. La diversité du paysage religieux conduit, aujourd’hui, à préférer le terme droit des religions.When discussing the legal status of religions in a state, jurists use a varied vocabulary. In the old law, the terms canon law and ecclesiastical law were used interchangeably. Authors focused on the content of this law and, according to their own preoccupations, dealt with matters of religion, the freedoms of the Church or the ecclesiastical police. An evolution will take place during which more attention will be paid to the source enacting the norms: canon law is formulated by the Church and ecclesiastical law by the State. The term ecclesiastical civil law was used for a time in the twentieth century to distinguish the two disciplines. Today, the diversity of the religious landscape leads us to prefer the term law of religions
Histoire des facultés de théologie des universités publiques en France
L’histoire propre à la France explique que, contrairement aux autres pays européens, l’Université ne compte aucune faculté de théologie, sauf à Strasbourg. Au sein de l’Université napoléonienne, plusieurs facultés de théologie catholique et protestante furent érigées et le culte juif eut son organisation. Ces établissements fonctionnèrent souvent mal, surtout les facultés catholiques pour deux raisons : méfiance de la part des évêques et aucune reconnaissance par Rome malgré les tentatives de négociations. En 1875, la création d’universités privées ne fit qu’accroître la confusion, jusqu’à la suppression du budget des facultés de théologie de l’Université de France en 1885, entraînant leur disparition immédiate. À Strasbourg, la faculté de théologie protestante est rétablie dans l’Université dès 1872 ; celle de théologie catholique est érigée en 1902, en accord avec Rome.France’s history explains that, unlike other European countries, there is no faculty of theology at the public university, except in Strasbourg. Within the Napoleonic University, several Catholic and Protestant theological faculties were erected and the Jewish faith had its own organization. These institutions often ran poorly, especially the Catholic faculties, for two reasons: mistrust on the part of the bishops and no recognition by Rome despite attempts to negotiate. In 1875, the creation of private universities only increased the confusion, until the removal of funding for the public faculties of theology in 1885, resulting in their immediate disappearance. In Strasbourg, however, the faculty of Protestant theology was restored at the University in 1872; the faculty of Catholic theology was erected in 1902 in agreement with Rome
Le statut des ministres du culte en France au xixe siècle
Tout État se préoccupe de la condition des religieux exerçant leurs fonctions sur son territoire. Le souci de contrôle fut particulièrement marqué en France au xixe siècle où le régime des cultes reconnus permit à la puissance publique de surveiller la formation, la désignation et les comportements de ce personnel religieux. Si l’immense majorité des citoyens adhéraient alors à l’un des quatre cultes reconnus, la surveillance s’étendit aussi aux autres religions ou aux « sectes ». L’islam fut, du moins dans les trois départements d’Algérie, organisé selon un système assez comparable à celui des cultes reconnus.Every state is concerned about the status of religious personnel performing their duty on its territory. The concern for control was particularly marked in France in the 19th century, when the system of recognized religions allowed the public authorities to oversee the training, designation and behaviour of these religious personnel. The vast majority of citizens then adhered to one of the four recognized religions, but surveillance also extended to other religious groups or “sects”. In the three departments of Algeria, Islam was organized according to a system quite comparable to that of recognized religions
O declínio da autoridade hierárquica
SUMÁRIO: 1- Grandeza e decadência da autoridade hierárquica. 2 - Os vestígios da autoridade hierárquica. 3 - Tendência para o desaparecimento da autoridade hierárquica
Le pouvoir hiérarchique
The study of hierarchical power imposes a function-based approach, as it is deeply linked to the theory of public personality and to the arrangement of habilitations or jurisdictions in administrative structures. This preamble allows to identity its proper characteristics and to define it as a mean to unify the will of public persons. On a theoretical point of view, it is an unconditioned power concerning the whole activity of subordinates, as they can edict legal acts or realise physical operations. Through the diverse privileges of instruction, correction and substitution, each of which constitutes a particular aspect, it allows superiors to command and control. However and beyond these instruments, hierarchical power has a true unity which results of its particular function. This doesn’t implies that it is not subject to variation by virtue of respective empowerment of superior and subordinate members of the Administration, for example as a consequence of devolution or delegation of power that can modify some of its expressions. Contrariwise, it is sometimes the alteration of hierarchical power that reveals a particular arrangement of habilitations. Moreover, consideration should be given to hierarchical power beyond the relationship between superior and subordinate. As it shows specificities and needs the adjunction of non hierarchical powers that guarantees its effectiveness, hierarchical power also plays a role, in law and in fact, in respect of the governed or constituents, which puts the distinction sometimes made between internal and external law into perspective.
The structure of mercantile communities in the Roman world : how open were Roman trade networks?
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