Advertisements' language processing by Polish-English bilinguals

The objective of the present research was to examine language processing in advertisements by Polish-English bilinguals. With reference to The Conceptual Feature Model (de Groot, 1992), experimental hypothesis stated that there would be a significant interaction effect for language and concept categories, showing significantly more associations for social and emotional categories in Polish, and significantly more associations for financial and work-related categories in English. Additionally, content analysis was performed to identify Polish and English language specific associations. The research involved 17 Polish native speakers who speak English as their second language. Participants completed two word association tasks in Polish and English languages. A two way ANOVA performed on language and concept categories showed non significant results for main effect for language, F(1, 16) = 1.06 , p > .05, and for the interaction effect for language and conceptual categories, F(1.77, 28.42) = .374, p > .05. However, there was a significant main effect for conceptual categories, F(1.3, 20.89) = 23.45, p < .05. Results of content analysis was consistent with findings concerning main effect for conceptual categories. Since results did not support experimental hypothesis, potential explanations are discussed. Moreover, implications of present findings are provided in terms of advertising to Polish-English bilinguals in the UK

Care model for patient with catatonic schizophrenia

Wstęp: Schizofrenia jest zaburzeniem psychicznym z kręgu psychoz, której etiologia nie jest do końca poznana. Istnieje kilka typów schizofrenii, jednym z nich jest schizofrenia katatoniczna. Charakteryzuje ją występowanie zespołu zaburzeń psychomotorycznych (katatonii), przeważających nad objawami wytwórczymi. Może mieć ona postać hiperkinetyczną, którą cechuje chaotyczne i bezcelowe pobudzenie psychoruchowe lub hipokinetyczną objawiającą się spowolnieniem psychoruchowym prowadzącym aż do osłupienia. Aby rozpoznać schizofrenię katatoniczną należy wykonać szereg badań wykluczających inne przyczyny katatonii wynikające z zaburzeń psychicznych, somatycznych a także spowodowane nadużywaniem substancji psychoaktywnych. Katatonia niesie za sobą możliwość wystąpienia wielu powikłań somatycznych, a także ryzyko wystąpienia ostrej śmiertelnej katatonii mogącej prowadzić do zgonu. W leczeniu schizofrenii katatonicznej stosuje się metody farmakologiczne (leki przeciwpsychotyczne, benzodiazepiny) oraz niefarmakologiczne (elektrowstrząsy). Rokowanie zależne jest od stopnia i nasilenia objawów. Cel pracy: Opracowanie modelu opieki nad pacjentem dorosłym ze schizofrenią katatoniczną. Materiał i metody: Praca powstała na podstawie analizy literatury.Wynik: Stworzenie diagnoz ze wskazaniem systemów pielęgnowania.Wnioski: Schizofrenia katatoniczna posiada zróżnicowany obraz choroby o różnym nasileniu objawów, dlatego dzięki trzem systemom pielęgnowania zależnym od stopnia deficytu samoopieki, model opieki według Dorothy Orem ma zastosowanie u pacjenta ze schizofrenią katatoniczną.Introduction: Schizophrenia is defined as a mental disorder falling into the category of psychoses. However its etiology is still not fully understood. There are several types of schizophrenia. One of them is called catatonic schizophrenia. It is characterized mostly by a psychomotor disfunction (catatonia) prevailling over the productive symptoms. It can occur either in a hyperkinetic form, which is characterized by chaotic and aimless psychomotor agitation or in a hypokinetic form which is manifested by a psychomotor retardation leading to a stupor. Recognizing catatonic schizophrenia recquires performing a variety of tests excluding the other causes of catatonia due to mental or somatic disorders, as well as due to substance abuse. Catatonia can lead to the multiple somatic complications, and it brings a risk of acute lethal catatonia, which can lead to death. There are pharmacological (antipsychotics, benzodiazepines) as well non-pharmacological (ECT) methods used in the treatment of catatonic schizophrenia.The prognosis depends on degree and severity of symptoms. Aim: Development of a care model for adult patient with catatonic schizophrenia.Materials and Methods: This work has been based on the analysis of the literature.Result: Creation of diagnosis indicating the nursing systems. Conclusion: The picture of catatonic schizophrenia is differential and it is characterized bya various degrees of severity of symptoms. That is the reason why the three systems of nursing depending on a degree of self-care deficit, the model created by Dorothy Orem can be applied to the patients with catatonic schizophrenia

Slowing Down Ageing: The Role of Nutrients and Microbiota in Modulation of the Epigenome

The human population is getting ageing. Both ageing and age-related diseases are correlated with an increased number of senescent cells in the organism. Senescent cells do not divide but are metabolically active and influence their environment by secreting many proteins due to a phenomenon known as senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescent cells differ from young cells by several features. They possess more damaged DNA, more impaired mitochondria and an increased level of free radicals that cause the oxidation of macromolecules. However, not only biochemical and structural changes are related to senescence. Senescent cells have an altered chromatin structure, and in consequence, altered gene expression. With age, the level of heterochromatin decreases, and less condensed chromatin is more prone to DNA damage. On the one hand, some gene promoters are easily available for the transcriptional machinery; on the other hand, some genes are more protected (locally increased level of heterochromatin). The structure of chromatin is precisely regulated by the epigenetic modification of DNA and posttranslational modification of histones. The methylation of DNA inhibits transcription, histone methylation mostly leads to a more condensed chromatin structure (with some exceptions) and acetylation plays an opposing role. The modification of both DNA and histones is regulated by factors present in the diet. This means that compounds contained in daily food can alter gene expression and protect cells from senescence, and therefore protect the organism from ageing. An opinion prevailed for some time that compounds from the diet do not act through direct regulation of the processes in the organism but through modification of the physiology of the microbiome. In this review we try to explain the role of some food compounds, which by acting on the epigenetic level might protect the organism from age-related diseases and slow down ageing. We also try to shed some light on the role of microbiome in this process