Distribuição e monitoramento de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em áreas protegidas na Floresta Atlântica Costeira, Estado do Paraná, Sul do Brasil

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Mauricio O. MouraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação. Defesa: Curitiba, 07/08/2014Inclui referênciasÁrea de concentração : Ecologia e ConservaçãoResumo: A função básica de áreas protegidas é separar elementos da biodiversidade de processos que ameaçam sua existência na natureza. Nesse sentido, as áreas protegidas deveriam cumprir um papel importante na manutenção das populações de animais, servindo em muitos casos como áreas de refúgio e fonte de indivíduos. Mamíferos de médio e grande porte são particularmente espécies vulneráveis às perturbações antrópicas (e.g. alteração e fragmentação do habitat, caça, presença de espécies invasoras) sendo um grupo indicado para pesquisas voltadas à conservação. Assim, acessar o status dessas espécies no tempo e espaço é fundamental para avaliar a efetividade de proteção e para propor ações necessárias para que minimizem a perda de espécies. Essa pesquisa foi realizada em quatro áreas particulares protegidas (Reservas Naturais) de Floresta Atlântica costeira do litoral norte do Estado do Paraná. A tese está dividida em dois capítulos apresentados em formato de artigo científico, em que foram abordados aspectos relacionados ao monitoramento, status de conservação e distribuição das espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte. No Capítulo 1, avaliamos o desempenho entre dois métodos de levantamento, utilizando armadilha fotográfica e a observação de rastro, com o objetivo de propor um procedimento metodológico mais eficiente no monitoramento de mamíferos de médio e grande porte nas Reservas Naturais estudadas. O levantamento por pegadas foi realizado por guardas-parque, que são moradores locais e possuem experiência na identificação dos mamíferos por rastros. Através de repetidas ocasiões de levantamento, utilizamos modelos de ocupação para estimar a probabilidade de detecção de cada espécie e para avaliar a eficiência relativa de cada método. Os nossos resultados indicaram que para as áreas protegidas estudadas, o método de observação de rastro em trechos de trilha é a estratégia mais eficiente para avaliar e monitorar a ocupação de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, incluindo espécies ameaçadas de extinção e alvos de caça. No Capítulo 2, acessamos o status de ocupação e avaliamos a distribuição de mamíferos alvos de caça em relação às variáveis de habitat, distância da estrada e à presença da espécie não nativa, o cachorro-doméstico nas quatro Reservas Naturais. Para isso, foi utilizado o método de observação de rastros, como indicado pelo Capítulo 1, para coleta de dados de detecção e não detecção em 60 sítios amostrais. Houve evidências que sustentam a hipótese de um efeito de borda sobre a ocorrência e a distribuição do cateto e puma. Esse efeito foi manifestado pela diminuição da proporção de sítios usados somente a partir de locais mais próximos da estrada (< 2km). Ainda, a presença do cachorro-doméstico dentro das reservas influencia negativamente a intensidade de uso dos catetos em locais com maior quantidade de floresta inicial. A ausência de um efeito de borda para a maioria das espécies analisadas sugere que o nível de proteção dentro das reservas tem sido eficiente na mitigação da caça dentro dos seus perímetros. Ainda, nós discutimos e recomendamos ações para aumentar a efetividade de proteção das reservas em relação a invasão de cachorros-domésticos e a persistência de grandes mamíferos, como a anta e o queixada.Abstract: The basic function of protected areas is to separate elements of biodiversity from processes that threaten their existence in nature. In this way, protected areas should play an important role in maintaining animal populations, such as refuge and individual source areas. Medium and large mammals are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances (e.g. habitat alteration and fragmentation, poaching, presence of invasive species) being an indicated group for researches focused on conservation. Thus, assessment of the status of these species in space and time is fundamental to evaluate the protection effectiveness and to propose actions aimed to minimize the loss of species. This research was conducted in four private protected areas (nature reserves) of coastal Atlantic Forest at north of Paraná State. The thesis is divided into two chapters presented in a scientific paper format, in which aspects related to monitoring, conservation status and distribution of species of medium and large mammals had been addressed. In Chapter 1, we evaluate the performance between two survey methods, using camera traps and tracks observation, aiming to propose a more efficient methodological approach for monitoring medium and large mammals in the Nature Reserves studied. Track survey was conducted by park rangers, who are local residents with experience in identifying traces of mammals. By repeatedly surveys occasions, we used occupancy models to estimate the detection probability of each species and to evaluate the methods efficiency. Our results indicated that, for the protected areas studied, the method of track observation in trail is the most efficient strategy to evaluate and monitoring the occupation of medium and large mammals, including endangered and hunted species. In Chapter 2, we assessed the occupation status and evaluate the distribution of hunting mammals in relation to habitat variables, road distance and the presence of non-native species, the domestic dog, in the four Nature Reserves. We used track observation method, as indicated in Chapter 1, to collect detection and non-detection data at 60 sampling sites. There was evidence of the edge effect hypothesis on the occurrence and distribution of the collared peccary and puma. This effect was expressed by a decrease in the proportion of sites used only from locations near to the roads (<2km). Still, the presence of domestic dogs within the reserves negatively influences the collared peccaries intensity use in areas with higher proportion of initial forest. Since there was not edge effect for most species analyzed it suggests that the level of protection has been effective in mitigating hunting within reserves perimeters. Still, we discuss and recommend actions to increase the effectiveness of protection of the reserves about the invasion of domestic dogs and to assist the persistence of large mammals such as tapirs and white-lipped peccaries

Efficacy of ketamine in refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children: A protocol for a sequential design, multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, non-profit trial (KETASER01)

Introduction: Status epilepticus (SE) is a lifethreatening neurological emergency. SE lasting longer than 120 min and not responding to first-line and second-line antiepileptic drugs is defined as 'refractory' (RCSE) and requires intensive care unit treatment. There is currently neither evidence nor consensus to guide either the optimal choice of therapy or treatment goals for RCSE, which is generally treated with coma induction using conventional anaesthetics (high dose midazolam, thiopental and/or propofol). Increasing evidence indicates that ketamine (KE), a strong N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist, may be effective in treating RCSE. We hypothesised that intravenous KE is more efficacious and safer than conventional anaesthetics in treating RCSE. Methods and analysis: A multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, non-profit, sequentially designed study will be conducted to assess the efficacy of KE compared with conventional anaesthetics in the treatment of RCSE in children. 10 Italian centres/ hospitals are involved in enrolling 57 patients aged 1 month to 18 years with RCSE. Primary outcome is the resolution of SE up to 24 hours after withdrawal of therapy and is updated for each patient treated according to the sequential method. Ethics and dissemination: The study received ethical approval from the Tuscan Paediatric Ethics Committee (12/2015). The results of this study will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences

Clinical Features, Cardiovascular Risk Profile, and Therapeutic Trajectories of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Candidate for Oral Semaglutide Therapy in the Italian Specialist Care

Introduction: This study aimed to address therapeutic inertia in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) by investigating the potential of early treatment with oral semaglutide. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between October 2021 and April 2022 among specialists treating individuals with T2D. A scientific committee designed a data collection form covering demographics, cardiovascular risk, glucose control metrics, ongoing therapies, and physician judgments on treatment appropriateness. Participants completed anonymous patient questionnaires reflecting routine clinical encounters. The preferred therapeutic regimen for each patient was also identified. Results: The analysis was conducted on 4449 patients initiating oral semaglutide. The population had a relatively short disease duration (42%  60% of patients, and more often than sitagliptin or empagliflozin. Conclusion: The study supports the potential of early implementation of oral semaglutide as a strategy to overcome therapeutic inertia and enhance T2D management

Azimuthal anisotropy of charged jet production in root s(NN)=2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions

We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as nu(ch)(2) (jet). Jet finding is performed employing the anti-k(T) algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero nu(ch)(2) (jet) is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50% centrality) for 20 <p(T)(ch) (jet) <90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the nu(2) of single charged particles at high p(T). Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Forward-central two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5 2GeV/c. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B. V.Peer reviewe

Event-shape engineering for inclusive spectra and elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV

Peer reviewe

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

ATLANTIC-CAMTRAPS: a dataset of medium and large terrestrial mammal communities in the Atlantic Forest of South America

Our understanding of mammal ecology has always been hindered by the difficulties of observing species in closed tropical forests. Camera trapping has become a major advance for monitoring terrestrial mammals in biodiversity rich ecosystems. Here we compiled one of the largest datasets of inventories of terrestrial mammal communities for the Neotropical region based on camera trapping studies. The dataset comprises 170 surveys of medium to large terrestrial mammals using camera traps conducted in 144 areas by 74 studies, covering six vegetation types of tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of South America (Brazil and Argentina), and present data on species composition and richness. The complete dataset comprises 53,438 independent records of 83 species of mammals, includes 10 species of marsupials, 15 rodents, 20 carnivores, eight ungulates and six armadillos. Species richness averaged 13 species (±6.07 SD) per site. Only six species occurred in more than 50% of the sites: the domestic dog Canis familiaris, crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, tayra Eira barbara, south American coati Nasua nasua, crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus and the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. The information contained in this dataset can be used to understand macroecological patterns of biodiversity, community, and population structure, but also to evaluate the ecological consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and trophic interactions. © 2017 by the Ecological Society of Americ