Dynamique de la phénologie, de l’allométrie et du rendement des bleuetiers nains sauvages du Québec selon l’espèce et divers traitements agricoles

Le rendement des plants de bleuets sauvages est étroitement lié à plusieurs caractéristiques intrinsèques et extrinsèques. Pour ainsi améliorer la productivité, une meilleure compréhension de l’influence de l’architecture des plants, de la phénologie spécifique aux espèces et des traitements de fertilisation et de fauchage sur la production de fruit serait importante pour faire de meilleur choix de pratiques agricole en zone nordique. Pour ce faire, la première partie de cette étude porte sur la comparaison des traits phénologiques, architecturaux et allométriques entre les deux espèces présentes au Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, soit Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton et Vaccinium myrtilloides Michaux. Dans la seconde partie de l’étude, ce sont les effets combinés sur les traits allométriques et le rendement de deux pratiques agricoles, soit le fauchage et l’application d’engrais, qui sont comparés dans une bleuetière en zone nordique. L’expérience s’est déroulée du printemps 2017 à l’automne 2018 sur une bleuetière commerciale située au nord du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean. La combinaison de fauchage – mécanique ou mécanique et thermique – et d’engrais – minéral, organique ou sans – a été appliquée sur les champs. La phénologie des bourgeons, la croissance en hauteur et en longueur, la masse des fruits par plant et par parcelle ainsi que le nombre d’éléments sur la plante (bourgeon, feuille, fleur, fruit, etc.) ont été notés selon le type de production en cours dans les champs, soit l’année après fauchage (pruning year) ou l’année de récolte (harvesting year). La surface foliaire spécifique, la biomasse hors-sol des plants, l’aire et la biomasse des feuilles ont été estimées à partir de la prise de donnée sur 192 plants récoltés. La comparaison entre les espèces a permis de montrer des différences entre elles : d’abord leur phénologie diffère et le bourgeonnement des feuilles et des fleurs de V. myrtilloides est retardé, dû à un nombre plus important de composantes structurelles (bourgeon, fleur, feuille) comparativement à V. angustifolium. La biomasse des fruits est similaire entre les deux espèces : V. myrtilloides possède des fruits plus petits, mais en plus grande quantité, ce qui peut être expliqué par la limitation de la pollinisation et par une biomasse hors-sol importante. Par son retard dans la phénologie des fleurs, V. myrtilloides pourrait être l’espèce la mieux adaptée à la zone nordique pour résister au gel printanier, mais la pollinisation devrait être augmentée. Pour ce qui est des pratiques agricoles, l’application d’engrais, qu’il soit minéral ou organique, améliore la majorité des traits de la plante, dont la production de fruit après deux années. L’engrais organique n’a cependant réussi à atteindre les résultats de l’engrais minéral qu’après deux années, comme il a dû être dégradé avant d’être rendu disponible pour les plantes. Le fauchage thermique, appliqué en plus du fauchage mécanique, a accru certains traits végétatifs, comme la biomasse des feuilles et de la plante. D’ailleurs, deux modèles prévisionnels ont été produits et qui montre que le nombre de fleurs avec l’application d’engrais ainsi que la longueur des branches et la biomasse de la plante sont les facteurs qui expliquent le mieux le rendement en fruit. L’étude confirme que l’utilisation d’engrais dans les champs de bleuet en zone nordique est essentielle, mais une étude à plus long terme sur le fauchage thermique est nécessaire pour vérifier si ce type de fauchage amène réellement plus de bénéfices que de coûts

How management practices influence vegetative and reproductive plant traits of wild lowbush blueberry species

Abstract: Optimizing agricultural practices is an effective way to increase fruit productivity in commercial wild lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton; Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx) fields, but results from northern Quebec (Canada) are scarce. In this study, we assessed the effect of the main crop management practices, namely pruning method (mechanical and thermal), fungicide (with and without), and fertilization (mineral, organic, and without) on key vegetative and reproductive plant traits of both wild blueberry species. The experiment was conducted from fall 2016 to fall 2018, when the combination of pruning, fungicide, and fertilizing was applied. Results show that fertilizer application was the main management practice affecting vegetative and reproductive plant traits followed by fungicide application effects during pruning years only. Mineral fertilizer improved plant traits to a greater extent than organic fertilizer during the pruning phase only, and no significant differences in the second year after application (harvesting phase) suggest a delayed but similar final effect of organic fertilizer. Results also showed that V. myrtilloides produces taller stems with more leaves compared to V. angustifolium, whereas V. angustifolium produces more flower buds, a key reproductive plant trait. Results also highlight the fact that V. angustifolium needs both fertilizer and fungicide to keep leaves on the stem during late summer, whereas V. myrtilloides needs either fertilizers or fungicides. This study also shows that pruning method has no significant effect on any of the measured plant traits. However, we believe that long-term studies are still needed to assess the impact of pruning method over time. Résumé: Optimiser les pratiques agricoles est une bonne façon d’accroître le rendement fruitier des bleuetières commerciales de bleuet à feuilles étroites (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton, Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx). Malheureusement, on possède peu de résultats qui l’illustrent dans le nord du Québec (Canada). Les auteurs ont évalué les effets des principales pratiques en usage sur les principaux caractères végétatifs et reproductifs des deux espèces, en l’occurrence l’élagage (mécanique et thermique), l’application (ou pas) d’un fongicide et celle d’un engrais (minéral, organique, aucun). L’expérience s’est déroulée de l’automne 2016 à l’automne 2018, période durant laquelle les auteurs ont combiné l’élagage à l’application du fongicide et de l’engrais. Selon les résultats obtenus, l’usage d’un engrais est la pratique qui affecte le plus les caractères végétatifs et reproductifs de la plante, suivie par l’application d’un fongicide, mais uniquement les années où il y a élagage. L’engrais minéral accentue plus les caractères de la plante que l’engrais organique, mais seulement lors de l’élagage. Si on ajoute à cela le fait qu’on ne relève aucun écart significatif l’année suivant celle de l’amendement (année de la récolte), on présume que l’engrais organique agit de façon identique, mais à retardement. V. myrtilloides a des tiges plus hautes portant plus de feuilles que V. angustifolium, espèce qui produit plus de bourgeons floraux, un caractère important pour la reproduction. Les résultats obtenus indiquent aussi que V. angustifolium a besoin d’un engrais et d’un fongicide pour que les feuilles restent attachées à leur tige à la fin de l’été, alors que V. myrtilloides n’a besoin que de l’un ou de l’autre. Par ailleurs, l’étude indique que la technique d’élagage n’a aucun effet sensible sur les autres caractères de la plante. Quoi qu’il en soit, les auteurs estiment qu’il faudrait entreprendre des recherches de plus longue haleine afin de mieux évaluer l’impact de l’élagage dans le temps

Au-delà du mouvement : l’enjeu sociétal d’un enseignement en éducation physique et à santé de qualité

The aim of this editorial is to highlight the social importance of quality physical and health education.L’objectif de cet éditorial est de souligner l’importance sociale d’une éducation physique et à la santé qualité

Besoins en mathématiques à l’éducation préscolaire afin d’aspirer à la bonification des pratiques enseignantes

The aim of this editorial is to highlight the concerns of professionals, practitioners, researchers and students in the fields ofmathematics and preschool education.Cet éditorial a pour objectif de mettre en exergue des préoccupations de personnes professionnelles, intervenantes,chercheures et étudiantes en lien avec les domaines des mathématiques et de l’éducation préscolair

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in 42 Countries: Insights from the International Sex Survey and Introduction of Standardized Assessment Tools

Background and aims: Despite its inclusion in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases, there is a virtual paucity of high-quality scientific evidence about compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD), especially in underrepresented and underserved populations. Therefore, we comprehensively examined CSBD across 42 countries, genders, and sexual orientations, and validated the original (CSBD-19) and short (CSBD-7) versions of the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Scale to provide stan- dardized, state-of-the-art screening tools for research and clinical practice. Method: Using data from the International Sex Survey (N 5 82,243; Mage 5 32.39 years, SD 5 12.52), we evaluated the psychometric properties of the CSBD-19 and CSBD-7 and compared CSBD across 42 countries, three genders, eight sexual orientations, and individuals with low vs. high risk of experiencing CSBD. Results: A total of 4.8% of the participants were at high risk of experiencing CSBD. Country- and gender-based differences were observed, while no sexual-orientation-based differences were pre- sent in CSBD levels. Only 14% of individuals with CSBD have ever sought treatment for this disorder, with an additional 33% not having sought treatment because of various reasons. Both versions of the scale demonstrated excellent validity and reliability. Discus- sion and conclusions: This study contributes to a better under- standing of CSBD in underrepresented and underserved populations and facilitates its identification in diverse populations by providing freely accessible ICD-11-based screening tools in 26 languages. The findings may also serve as a crucial building block to stimulate research into evidence-based, culturally sensitive pre- vention and intervention strategies for CSBD that are currently missing from the literature

Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns

DATA AND MATERIALS AVAILABILITY : The full dataset used in the final analyses (33) and associated code (34) are available at Dryad. A subset of the spatial coordinate datasets is available at Zenodo (35). Certain datasets of spatial coordinates will be available only through requests made to the authors due to conservation and Indigenous sovereignty concerns (see table S1 for more information on data use restrictions and contact information for data requests). These sensitive data will be made available upon request to qualified researchers for research purposes, provided that the data use will not threaten the study populations, such as by distribution or publication of the coordinates or detailed maps. Some datasets, such as those overseen by government agencies, have additional legal restrictions on data sharing, and researchers may need to formally apply for data access. Collaborations with data holders are generally encouraged, and in cases where data are held by Indigenous groups or institutions from regions that are under-represented in the global science community, collaboration may be required to ensure inclusion.COVID-19 lockdowns in early 2020 reduced human mobility, providing an opportunity to disentangle its effects on animals from those of landscape modifications. Using GPS data, we compared movements and road avoidance of 2300 terrestrial mammals (43 species) during the lockdowns to the same period in 2019. Individual responses were variable with no change in average movements or road avoidance behavior, likely due to variable lockdown conditions. However, under strict lockdowns 10-day 95th percentile displacements increased by 73%, suggesting increased landscape permeability. Animals’ 1-hour 95th percentile displacements declined by 12% and animals were 36% closer to roads in areas of high human footprint, indicating reduced avoidance during lockdowns. Overall, lockdowns rapidly altered some spatial behaviors, highlighting variable but substantial impacts of human mobility on wildlife worldwide.The Radboud Excellence Initiative, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the National Science Foundation, Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Dutch Research Council NWO program “Advanced Instrumentation for Wildlife Protection”, Fondation Segré, RZSS, IPE, Greensboro Science Center, Houston Zoo, Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens, Nashville Zoo, Naples Zoo, Reid Park Zoo, Miller Park, WWF, ZCOG, Zoo Miami, Zoo Miami Foundation, Beauval Nature, Greenville Zoo, Riverbanks zoo and garden, SAC Zoo, La Passarelle Conservation, Parc Animalier d’Auvergne, Disney Conservation Fund, Fresno Chaffee zoo, Play for nature, North Florida Wildlife Center, Abilene Zoo, a Liber Ero Fellowship, the Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program, Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation, Teck Coal, and the Grand Teton Association. The collection of Norwegian moose data was funded by the Norwegian Environment Agency, the German Ministry of Education and Research via the SPACES II project ORYCS, the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Wyoming Game and Fish Commission, Bureau of Land Management, Muley Fanatic Foundation (including Southwest, Kemmerer, Upper Green, and Blue Ridge Chapters), Boone and Crockett Club, Wyoming Wildlife and Natural Resources Trust, Knobloch Family Foundation, Wyoming Animal Damage Management Board, Wyoming Governor’s Big Game License Coalition, Bowhunters of Wyoming, Wyoming Outfitters and Guides Association, Pope and Young Club, US Forest Service, US Fish and Wildlife Service, the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Wyoming Wild Sheep Foundation, Wild Sheep Foundation, Wyoming Wildlife/Livestock Disease Research Partnership, the US National Science Foundation [IOS-1656642 and IOS-1656527, the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, and by a GRUPIN research grant from the Regional Government of Asturias, Sigrid Rausing Trust, Batubay Özkan, Barbara Watkins, NSERC Discovery Grant, the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration act under Pittman-Robertson project, the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, Rufford Foundation, an American Society of Mammalogists African Graduate Student Research Fund, the German Science Foundation, the Israeli Science Foundation, the BSF-NSF, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food and Slovenian Research Agency (CRP V1-1626), the Aage V. Jensen Naturfond (project: Kronvildt - viden, værdier og værktøjer), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy, National Centre for Research and Development in Poland, the Slovenian Research Agency, the David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation, Disney Conservation Fund, Whitley Fund for Nature, Acton Family Giving, Zoo Basel, Columbus, Bioparc de Doué-la-Fontaine, Zoo Dresden, Zoo Idaho, Kolmården Zoo, Korkeasaari Zoo, La Passarelle, Zoo New England, Tierpark Berlin, Tulsa Zoo, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Government of Mongolia, the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration act and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, the National Science Foundation, Parks Canada, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Alberta Environment and Parks, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Safari Club International and Alberta Conservation Association, the Consejo Nacional de Ciencias y Tecnología (CONACYT) of Paraguay, the Norwegian Environment Agency and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, EU funded Interreg SI-HR 410 Carnivora Dinarica project, Paklenica and Plitvice Lakes National Parks, UK Wolf Conservation Trust, EURONATUR and Bernd Thies Foundation, the Messerli Foundation in Switzerland and WWF Germany, the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, NASA Ecological Forecasting Program, the Ecotone Telemetry company, the French National Research Agency, LANDTHIRST, grant REPOS awarded by the i-Site MUSE thanks to the “Investissements d’avenir” program, the ANR Mov-It project, the USDA Hatch Act Formula Funding, the Fondation Segre and North American and European Zoos listed at http://www.giantanteater.org/, the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, the Yellowstone Forever and the National Park Service, Missouri Department of Conservation, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Grant, and State University of New York, various donors to the Botswana Predator Conservation Program, data from collared caribou in the Northwest Territories were made available through funds from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories. The European Research Council Horizon2020, the British Ecological Society, the Paul Jones Family Trust, and the Lord Kelvin Adam Smith fund, the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute and Tanzania National Parks. The Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapahoe Fish and Game Department and the Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Kodiak Brown Bear Trust, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Koniag Native Corporation, Old Harbor Native Corporation, Afognak Native Corporation, Ouzinkie Native Corporation, Natives of Kodiak Native Corporation and the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, and the Slovenia Hunters Association and Slovenia Forest Service. F.C. was partly supported by the Resident Visiting Researcher Fellowship, IMéRA/Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille. This work was partially funded by the Center of Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), which is financed by Germany’s Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and by the Saxon Ministry for Science, Culture and Tourism (SMWK) with tax funds on the basis of the budget approved by the Saxon State Parliament. This article is a contribution of the COVID-19 Bio-Logging Initiative, which is funded in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF9881) and the National Geographic Society.https://www.science.org/journal/sciencehj2023Mammal Research InstituteZoology and Entomolog