Revisions to the Unregulated Containment Monitoring Regulation for Public Water Systems

64 FR 50556. Final rule establishing criteria for a program to monitor unregulated contaminants and to publish a list of contaminants to be monitored under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SWDA), as amended in 1996

A Collaborative Transportation and Air Quality Public Education and Partnership Building Initiative: The First Five Years

This report chronicles the actions, partnerships, achievements, and lessons learned following five years of implementing "It All Adds Up to Cleaner Air." Intended primarily for state and local transportation and air quality management agencies, it offers many different and innovative ideas and approaches already field-tested by pilot and demonstration communities. Although technical a national initiative, "It All Adds Up to Cleaner Aid" really functioned more like multiple individual localized campaigns, supported at the national level through provision of materials and other resources

Environmental Justice and the Role of Criminology: An Analytical Review of 33 Years of Environmental Justice Research

An increasing number of scholars and activists have begun to tackle a variety of issues relevant to environmental justice studies. This study attempts to address the role of criminologists in this domain. The authors examine 425 environmental justice articles in 204 academic journals, representing 18 programs/departments between 1970 and 2003. First, they measure the environmental justice contributions in the literature by academic department or activist affiliation. Second, they identify the major themes in the literature as they have developed and reveal the current and future directions of environmental justice studies. Such themes include the spatial distribution of hazards, social movements, law and public policy, and environmental discrimination. Finally, the authors seek to call attention to the evident linkages between accepted areas of criminological scholarship and environmental justice. From this latter objective, the authors seek to demonstrate how criminology and criminal justice can advance this critical dialogue and social movement

Making Self-Regulation More than Merely Symbolic: The Critical Role of the Legal Environment

Using data from a sample of U.S. industrial facilities subject to the federal Clean Air Act from 1993 to 2003, this article theorizes and tests the conditions under which organizations’ symbolic commitments to self-regulate are particularly likely to result in improved compliance practices and outcomes. We argue that the legal environment, particularly as it is constructed by the enforcement activities of regulators, significantly influences the likelihood that organizations will effectively implement the self-regulatory commitments they symbolically adopt. We investigate how different enforcement tools can foster or undermine organizations’ normative motivations to self-regulate. We find that organizations are more likely to follow through on their commitments to self-regulate when they (and their competitors) are subject to heavy regulatory surveillance and when they adopt self-regulation in the absence of an explicit threat of sanctions. We also find that historically poor compliers are significantly less likely to follow through on their commitments to self-regulate, suggesting a substantial limitation on the use of self-regulation as a strategy for reforming struggling organizations. Taken together, these findings suggest that self-regulation can be a useful tool for leveraging the normative motivations of regulated organizations but that it cannot replace traditional deterrence-based enforcement

Follow-up study on lead exposure in children living in a smelter community in northern Mexico

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To study the changes of children lead exposure in the city of Torreon during the last five years, after environmental and public health interventions, using the timeline of lead in blood concentration as the biomarker of exposure and its relation to lead in soil concentrations.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This follow-up study started in 2001 and consisted of 232 children living in nine neighborhoods in Torreon. Children were tested at 0, 6, 12 and 60 months. Lead in blood concentrations, Hemoglobin, Zinc-Protoporphyrin, anthropometric measures and socioeconomic status questionnaire was supplied to the parents.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Median and range of lead in blood concentrations obtained at 0, 6, 12, 60 months were: 10.12 μg/dl (1.9 - 43.8), 8.75 μg/dl (1.85 - 41.45), 8.4 μg/dl (1.7 - 35.8) and 4.4 μg/dl (1.3 - 30.3), respectively. The decrease of lead in blood levels was significantly related to ages 0, 6, 12 and 60 months of the follow-up study. The timeline of B-Pb was associated with the timeline of lead in soil concentrations.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>B-Pb levels have significantly decreased in the group of children studied. This could be explained by a) environmental interventions by authorities and the smelter companies, b) normal changes in hygienic habits as children age and c) lead redistribution from blood to hard tissues.</p

Perceived integrated impact of visual intrusion and noise of motorways: Influential factors and impact indicators

Motorways are often seen as intrusive to both landscape and soundscape, and recent studies on multisensory perception suggest that an integrated assessment of the environmental impacts is necessary. This paper investigates the effects of traffic condition, distance to road and background landscape on the perceived integrated impact of noise and visual intrusion of motorways, and explores if noise exposure can be a powerful indicator for the perceived integrated impact. Six traffic conditions, consisting of three levels of noise emission × two levels of heavy good vehicle percentage in traffic composition, two types of background landscape and three distances to road, were designed as experimental scenarios, and created using computer visualisation and edited audio recordings. A laboratory experiment was carried out to obtain ratings of perceived environmental quality of each experimental scenario. The results show that traffic volume as expressed by noise emission level strongly influenced the perceived integrated impact, whereas traffic composition did not make noticeable differences. Distance to road was the second most influential factor, followed by background landscape. A regression model using noise level at receiver position and type of background landscape as independent variables was developed and can explain about a quarter of the variation in the perceived integrated impact