129 research outputs found
Relation between microRNAs and Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Author
- Publication venue
- 'ID Design 2012/DOOEL Skopje'
- Publication date
- 09/03/2016
- Field of study
AIM: To determine the relation between serum microRNAs and apoptotic markers as regards development of HCC to understand the underlying mechanism of HCV related hepatocarcinogenesis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 65 serum samples (25 samples from controls, 20 samples from hepatitis and 20 samples from HCC patients) were collected for miRNAs (mir 21, mir 199-a, and mir 155) detection. Human Programmed cell death protein-4 (PDCD-4) and Human Cytochrome-C (CYT-C) were determined. RESULTS: miRNAs 21 and 155 were over expressed in sera of patients with HCC compared to patients with chronic hepatitis (p < 0.0001). While serum means values of miR 199a was significantly decreased among HCC group patients when compared to patients with chronic hepatitis (p < 0.0001). The serum levels of PCDC4 and CYTC were increased in patients with HCC when compared to chronic hepatitis patients. They were also increased in patients with chronic hepatitis when compared to controls (p < 0.05, significant). There was direct correlations between apoptotic markers and oncomirs miRNAs 21 and 155 while apoptotic markers were inversely correlated with miRNA 199-a. CONCLUSION: Both microRNAs and apoptotic markers have roles in HCC pathogenesis. It seems that oncogenic microRNAs induce liver carcinogenesis in HCV patients irrespective of suppression of apoptosis.AIM: To determine the relation between serum microRNAs and apoptotic markers as regards development of HCC to understand the underlying mechanism of HCV related hepatocarcinogenesis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 65 serum samples (25 samples from controls, 20 samples from hepatitis and 20 samples from HCC patients) were collected for miRNAs (mir 21, mir 199-a, and mir 155) detection. Human Programmed cell death protein-4 (PDCD-4) and Human Cytochrome-C (CYT-C) were determined. RESULTS: miRNAs 21 and 155 were over expressed in sera of patients with HCC compared to patients with chronic hepatitis (p < 0.0001). While serum means values of miR 199a was significantly decreased among HCC group patients when compared to patients with chronic hepatitis (p < 0.0001). The serum levels of PCDC4 and CYTC were increased in patients with HCC when compared to chronic hepatitis patients. They were also increased in patients with chronic hepatitis when compared to controls (p < 0.05, significant). There was direct correlations between apoptotic markers and oncomirs miRNAs 21 and 155 while apoptotic markers were inversely correlated with miRNA 199-a. CONCLUSION: Both microRNAs and apoptotic markers have roles in HCC pathogenesis. It seems that oncogenic microRNAs induce liver carcinogenesis in HCV patients irrespective of suppression of apoptosis
Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects
- Author
- Abbaneo Duccio
- Abbiendi Giovanni
- Abbrescia Marcello
- Abdelalim Ahmed Ali
- Abdullin Salavat
- Abdulsalam Abdulla
- Acosta Darin
- Adair Antony
- Adam Wolfgang
- Adams Mark Raymond
- Adams Todd
- Adiguzel Aytul
- Adler Volker
- Adzic Petar
- Afanasiev Serguei
- Agram Jean-Laurent
- Aguilar-Benitez Manuel
- Ahmad Muhammad
- Ahuja Sudha
- Akchurin Nural
- Akgun Bora
- Akgun Ugur
- Akin Ilina Vasileva
- Alagoz Enver
- Albajar Carmen
- Albayrak Elif Asli
- Albergo Sebastiano
- Albrow Michael
- Alcaraz Maestre Juan
- Aldaya Martin Maria
- Alderweireldt Sara
- Aldá Júnior Walter Luiz
- Alexander James
- Aliev Takhmasib
- Alimena Juliette
- Almeida Nuno
- Alverson George
- Alves Gilvan
- Amapane Nicola
- Amsler Claude
- Anagnostou Georgios
- Anastassov Anton
- Anderson Jacob
- Andrea Jeremy
- Andreev Valeri
- Andreev Vladimir
- Andreev Yuri
- Andrews Warren
- Androsov Konstantin
- Antonelli Louis
- Antunovic Zeljko
- Apanasevich Leonard
- Apollinari Giorgio
- Appelt Eric
- Apresyan Artur
- Apyan Aram
- Arcidiacono Roberta
- Arenton Michael Wayne
- Arfaei Hessamaddin
- Argiro Stefano
- Arneodo Michele
- Arora Sanjay
- Asavapibhop Burin
- Asawatangtrakuldee Chayanit
- Asghar Muhammad Irfan
- Asin Ivan
- Askew Andrew
- Aslanoglou Xenofon
- Assran Yasser
- Ata Metin
- Attikis Alexandros
- Auffray Etiennette
- Autermann Christian
- Auzinger Georg
- Avdeeva Ekaterina
- Avery Paul
- Avetisyan Aram
- Avila Carlos
- Azarkin Maksim
- Azhgirey Igor
- Aziz Tariq
- Azzi Patrizia
- Azzolini Virginia
- Azzurri Paolo
- Baarmand Marc M
- Babb John
- Bacchetta Nicola
- Bachmair Felix
- Bachtis Michail
- Baden Drew
- Baffioni Stephanie
- Bagliesi Giuseppe
- Bahtiyar Hüseyin
- Baillon Paul
- Bainbridge Robert
- Bakhshiansohi Hamed
- Bakirci Mustafa Numan
- Ball Austin
- Ban Yong
- Banerjee Sudeshna
- Banerjee Sunanda
- Bansal Monika
- Bansal Sunil
- Barbagli Giuseppe
- Barberis Emanuela
- Barbone Lucia
- Barfuss Anne-Fleur
- Bargassa Pedrame
- Barge Derek
- Baringer Philip
- Barker Anthony
- Barlas Esra
- Barnett Bruce Arnold
- Barney David
- Barone Luciano
- Bartalini Paolo
- Barth Christian
- Bartosik Nazar
- Basegmez Suzan
- Basso Lorenzo
- Battilana Carlo
- Bauer Gerry
- Bauerdick Lothar AT
- Baumgartel Darin
- Baus Colin
- Bayshev Igor
- Bazterra Victor Eduardo
- Bean Alice
- Beauceron Stephanie
- Beaudette Florian
- Beaupere Nicolas
- Beernaert Kelly
- Behr Joerg
- Behrenhoff Wolf
- Behrens Ulf
- Beirão Da Cruz E Silva Cristóvão
- Belforte Stefano
- Beliy Nikita
- Belknap Donald
- Bell Alan James
- Bell Ken W
- Bellan Riccardo
- Beluffi Camille
- Belyaev Alexander
- Belyaev Andrey
- Benaglia Andrea
- Bencze Gyorgy
- Bendavid Joshua
- Benedetti Daniele
- Benelli Gabriele
- Benhabib Lamia
- Beni Noemi
- Benitez Jose F
- Benucci Leonardo
- Benussi Luigi
- Benvenuti Alberto
- Beranek Sarah
- Beretvas Andrew
- Bergauer Thomas
- Berger Joram
- Bergholz Matthias
- Beri Suman Bala
- Bernardes Cesar Augusto
- Bernardini Jacopo
- Bernet Colin
- Berry Douglas
- Berry Edmund
- Berryhill Jeffrey
- Bertl Willi
- Besancon Marc
- Betchart Burton
- Bethani Agni
- Betts Russell Richard
- Bhardwaj Ashutosh
- Bhat Pushpalatha C
- Bhatnagar Vipin
- Bhattacharya Saptaparna
- Bhattacharya Satyaki
- Bhatti Anwar
- Bialkowska Helena
- Bian Jian-Guo
- Bianchi Giovanni
- Bianchini Lorenzo
- Bianco Stefano
- Biasini Maurizio
- Biino Cristina
- Bilei Gian Mario
- Bilin Bugra
- Bilki Burak
- Bilmis Selcuk
- Bisello Dario
- Bitioukov Sergei
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- Bloch Philippe
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- Bose Suvadeep
- Bose Tulika
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- Boudoul Gaelle
- Bouhali Othmane
- Bourilkov Dimitri
- Boutle Sarah
- Braibant-Giacomelli Sylvie
- Branca Antonio
- Branson James G
- Breedon Richard
- Breto Guillermo
- Breuker Horst
- Brew Christopher
- Brigliadori Luca
- Brigljevic Vuko
- Brinkerhoff Andrew
- Broccolo Giuseppe
- Brochero Cifuentes Javier Andres
- Brochet Sébastien
- Brom Jean-Marie
- Brona Grzegorz
- Brooke James John
- Brown Robert M
- Brownson Eric
- Brun Hugues
- Bruno Giacomo
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- Buchmuller Oliver
- Bucinskaite Inga
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- Busson Philippe
- Busza Wit
- Butler Joel Nathan
- Butler Philip H
- Butt Jamila
- Butz Erik
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- Bäni Lukas
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- Chadwick Matthew
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- Chan Matthew
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- Chang Sunghyun
- Chang You-Hao
- Chang Yu-Wei
- Chanon Nicolas
- Chao Yuan
- Chaparro Sierra Luisa Fernanda
- Charaf Otman
- Charlot Claude
- Chasco Matthew
- Chasserat Julien
- Chatrchyan S.
- Chatterjee Avishek
- Chatterjee Kalyanmoy
- Chatterjee Rajdeep Mohan
- Chauhan Sushil
- Checchia Paolo
- Chen Guo-Ming
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- Choudhary Brajesh C
- Choudhury Somnath
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- Christopher Grant
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- Cihangir Selcuk
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- Ciulli Vitaliano
- Civinini Carlo
- Claes Daniel R
- Clare Robert
- Clarida Warren
- Clement Emyr
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- CMS Collaboration
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- Cockerill David JA
- Codispoti Giuseppe
- Colafranceschi Stefano
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- Colling David
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- Contreras-Campana Christian
- Contreras-Campana Emmanuel
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- Conway Rylan
- Cooper Seth
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- De Moraes Gregores Eduardo
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- De Palma Mauro
- De Roeck Albert
- de Trocóniz Jorge F
- De Visscher Simon
- De Wolf Eddi A
- Deisher Amanda
- Deiters Konrad
- Dejardin Marc
- Del Re Daniele
- Delaere Christophe
- Delannoy Andrés G
- Delgado Peris Antonio
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- Höing Rebekka Sophie
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- Kargoll Bastian
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- Karjavin Vladimir
- Karmgard Daniel John
- Kasemann Matthias
- Kasmi Azeddine
- Katkov Igor
- Katsas Panagiotis
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- Publication venue
- Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia.
- Publication date
- 01/01/2011
- Field of study
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension
and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions
available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression
to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity
in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia
by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids
to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh
the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance.
This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia
Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbas Jaffar
- Abbasi Madineh Akram
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd-Rabu Rami
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahi Mozhan
- Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin
- Abdulah Deldar Morad
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abedi Aidin
- Abedi Vida
- Abeldaño Zuñiga Roberto Ariel
- Abidi Hassan
- Abiodun Olumide
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Aboyans Victor
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abualhasan Ahmed
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Adamu Lawan Hassan
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Adebayo Oladimeji M
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adekiya Tayo Alex
- Adikusuma Wirawan
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afework Tsion
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afraz Ali
- Afzal Saira
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agodi Antonella
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Jivan Qasim
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Ajumobi Olufemi
- Akade Seyed Esma'il
- Akbari Morteza
- Akbarialiabad Hossein
- Akhlaghi Shiva
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akinyemi Rufus Olusola
- Akonde Maxwell
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- AL-Ahdal Tareq Mohammed Ali
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Shahi Salman Rustam
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Alahdab Fares
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Aldawsari Khalifah A
- Alemi Hediyeh
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Algammal Abdelazeem M
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Abid
- Ali Endale Alemayehu
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Musa Mohammed
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Shahid
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Ali Zahid
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Alimohamadi Yousef
- Aliyi Ahmednur Adem
- Aljofan Mohamad
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alladi Suvarna
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Almustanyir Sami
- Alqahtani Jaber S
- Alqasmi Ibrahim
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Altaany Zaid
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Aly Hany
- Aly Safwat
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Amani Reza
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amirzade-Iranaq Mohammad Hosein
- Amu Hubert
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Amusa Ganiyu Adeniyi
- Amzat Jimoh
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Anderson David B
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Androudi Sofia
- Angappan Dhanalakshmi
- Angesom Teklit W
- Anil Abhishek
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- Anwer Razique
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- Areda Demelash
- Ariffin Hany
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- Bender Rose G
- Benfor Bright
- Bennett Derrick A
- Bensenor Isabela M
- Berice Betyna
- Bettencourt Paulo J G
- Beyene Kebede A
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- Criqui Michael H
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- Elshaer Mohammed
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- Tsegay Guesh Mebrahtom
- Tsermpini Evangelia Eirini
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- Tufa Derara Girma
- Ubah Chukwudi S
- Udoakang Aniefiok John
- Ulhaq Inam
- Umair Muhammad
- Umakanthan Srikanth
- Umapathi Krishna Kishore
- Unim Brigid
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Vaithinathan Asokan Govindaraj
- Vakilian Alireza
- Valadan Tahbaz Sahel
- Valizadeh Rohollah
- Van den Eynde Jef
- Vart Priya
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vaziri Siavash
- Vellingiri Balachandar
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
- Verras Georgios-Ioannis
- Vervoort Dominique
- Villafañe Jorge Hugo
- Villani Leonardo
- Vinueza Veloz Andres Fernando
- Viskadourou Maria
- Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch
- Vlassov Vasily
- Volovat Simona Ruxandra
- Vos Theo
- Vu Loc Tri
- Vujcic Isidora S
- Wagaye Birhanu
- Waheed Yasir
- Wahood Waseem
- Walde Mandaras Tariku
- Wang Fang
- Wang Shu
- Wang Yanzhong
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Waqas Muhammad
- Waris Abdul
- Weerakoon Kosala Gayan
- Weintraub Robert G
- Weldemariam Abrha Hailay
- Westerman Ronny
- Whisnant Joanna L
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Willekens Barbara
- Wilner Lauren B
- Winkler Andrea Sylvia
- Wolfe Charles D A
- Wu Ai-Min
- Wulf Hanson Sarah
- Xu Suowen
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yaghoubi Sajad
- Yahya Galal
- Yamagishi Kazumasa
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Yehualashet Sisay Shewasinad
- Yeshaneh Alex
- Yesiltepe Metin
- Yi Siyan
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yusuf Hadiza
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zahedi Mohammad
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zali Alireza
- Zamagni Giulia
- Zand Ramin
- Zandieh Ghazal G Z
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zarghami Amin
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zeariya Mohammed G M
- Zegeye Zelalem Banjaw
- Zeukeng Francis
- Zhai Chunxia
- Zhang Chen
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhao Yang
- Zheng Peng
- Zhou Hengxing
- Zhu Bin
- Zhumagaliuly Abzal
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zikarg Yossef Teshome
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/04/2024
- Field of study
BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed
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Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Ababneh Hazim S
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdelwahab Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdulah Deldar Morad
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abebe Samrawit Shawel
- Abedi Aidin
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abhilash E S
- Abidi Hassan
- Abiodun Olumide
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abolmaali Meysam
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Aboye Girma Beressa
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abtahi Dariush
- Abu Rumeileh Samir
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Abualruz Hasan
- Abubakar Bilyaminu
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Accrombessi Manfred Mario Kokou
- Adal Tadele Girum
- Adamu Abdu A
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Addolorato Giovanni
- Adebiyi Akindele Olupelumi
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun
- Adetunji Juliana Bunmi
- Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther
- Adeyinka Daniel Adedayo
- Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel
- Admass Biruk Adie Adie
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Agampodi Suneth Buddhika
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Aggarwal Manik
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agide Feleke Doyore
- Agodi Antonella
- Agrawal Anurag
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmad Shahzaib
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Mehrunnisha Sharif
- Ahmed Meqdad Saleh
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Akara Essona Matatom
- Akbarialiabad Hossein
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akinyemiju Tomi
- Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed
- Akyirem Samuel
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Azzam Sayer
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali Ali
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Alahdab Fares
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alalwan Tariq A
- Alam Khurshid
- Alam Manjurul
- Alam Noore
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M
- Albakri Almaza
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth
- Aldawsari Khalifah A
- Aldhaleei Wafa A
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alema Haileselasie Berhane
- Alemayohu Mulubirhan Assefa
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Alhabib Khalid F
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Ali Abid
- Ali Amjad
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Shahid
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Alikhani Reyhaneh
- Alimohamadi Yousef
- Aliyi Ahmednur Adem
- Aljasir Mohammad A M
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alla François
- Allebeck Peter
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Almidani Louay
- Almidani Omar
- Alomari Mahmoud A
- Alonso Jordi
- Alqahtani Jaber S
- Alqalyoobi Shehabaldin
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Altaany Zaid
- Altaf Awais
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Aluh Deborah Oyine
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alwafi Hassan
- Aly Hany
- Aly Safwat
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Amani Reza
- Amare Azmeraw T
- Amegbor Prince M
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amirzade-Iranaq Mohammad Hosein
- Amu Hubert
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Amusa Ganiyu Adeniyi
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Anderson David B
- Andrade Pedro Prata
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Andrei Tudorel
- Angus Colin
- Anil Abhishek
- Anil Sneha
- Anoushiravani Amir
- Ansari Hossein
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Ansariadi Ansariadi
- Antony Catherine M
- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Anvari Davood
- Anvari Saeid
- Anwar Saleha
- Anwar Sumadi Lukman
- Anwer Razique
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Aqeel Muhammad
- Arab Juan Pablo
- Arabloo Jalal
- Arafat Mosab
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y
- Areda Demelash
- Aremu Abdulfatai
- Aremu Olatunde
- Ariffin Hany
- Arkew Mesay
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- Rajaa Sathish
- Rajput Prashant
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- Redwan Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed
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- Safaeinejad Fahimeh
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- Saheb Sharif-Askari Fatemeh
- Saheb Sharif-Askari Narjes
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- Sahoo Umakanta
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- Sarveazad Arash
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- Shaikh Ahmed
- Shaikh Masood Ali
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- Shamshad Hina
- Shamsi Mohammad Anas
- Shanawaz Mohd
- Shankar Abhishek
- Sharfaei Sadaf
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- Sharma Saurab
- Sharma Ujjawal
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- Shavandi Amin
- Shayan Maryam
- Shehabeldine Amr Mohamed Elsayed
- Sheikh Aziz
- Sheikhi Rahim Ali
- Shen Jiabin
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- Shetty B Suresh Kumar
- Shetty Pavanchand H
- Shi Peilin
- Shibuya Kenji
- Shiferaw Desalegn
- Shigematsu Mika
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- Shivarov Velizar
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- Shool Sina
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- Shrestha Sunil
- Shuval Kerem
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- Silva João Pedro
- Silva Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues
- Silva Soraia
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- Singal Anjali
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- Singh Garima
- Singh Jasbir
- Singh Narinder Pal
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- Singh Surjit
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- Sinto Robert
- Siraj Md Shahjahan
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- Tabatabaei Seyyed Mohammad
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- Tabatabai Shima
- Tabish Mohammad
- TADAKAMADLA JYOTHI
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- Talukder Ashis
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- Tan Ker-Kan
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- Tariqujjaman Md
- Tarkang Elvis Enowbeyang
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- Tavangar Seyed Mohammad
- Taveira Nuno
- Tefera Yibekal Manaye
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Temsah Reem Mohamad Hani
- Teramoto Masayuki
- Tesler Riki
- Teye-Kwadjo Enoch
- Thakur Rishu
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- Tillawi Tala
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- Torre Anna E
- Touvier Mathilde
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Tran Jasmine T
- Tran Nghia Minh
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- Truyen Thien Tan Tri Tai
- Tsatsakis Aristidis
- Tsegay Guesh Mebrahtom
- Tsermpini Evangelia Eirini
- Tumurkhuu Munkhtuya
- Tung Kang
- Tyrovolas Stefanos
- Uddin Sayed Mohammad Nazim
- Udoakang Aniefiok John
- Udoh Arit
- Ullah Atta
- Ullah Irfan
- Ullah Saeed
- Ullah Sana
- Umakanthan Srikanth
- Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David
- Unim Brigid
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Unsworth Carolyn Anne
- Upadhyay Era
- Urso Daniele
- Usman Jibrin Sammani
- Vahabi Seyed Mohammad
- Vaithinathan Asokan Govindaraj
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- Van den Eynde Jef
- Varga Orsolya
- Vart Priya
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vasic Milena
- Vaziri Siavash
- Vellingiri Balachandar
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
- Verghese Nicholas Alexander
- Verma Madhur
- Veroux Massimiliano
- Verras Georgios-Ioannis
- Vervoort Dominique
- Villafañe Jorge Hugo
- Villanueva Gabriela Ines
- Vinayak Manish
- Violante Francesco S
- Viskadourou Maria
- Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch
- Vlassov Vasily
- Vo Bay
- Vollset Stein Emil
- Vongpradith Avina
- Vos Theo
- Vujcic Isidora S
- Vukovic Rade
- Wafa Hatem A
- Waheed Yasir
- Wamai Richard G
- Wang Cong
- Wang Ning
- Wang Shu
- Wang Song
- Wang Yanzhong
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Waqas Muhammad
- Ward Paul
- Wassie Emebet Gashaw
- Watson Stefanie
- Watson Stephanie Louise Watson
- Weerakoon Kosala Gayan
- Wei Melissa Y
- Weintraub Robert G
- Weiss Daniel J
- Westerman Ronny
- Whisnant Joanna L
- Wiangkham Taweewat
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Wilandika Angga
- Wilkerson Caroline
- Willeit Peter
- Wilson Shadrach
- Wojewodzic Marcin W
- Woldegebreal Demewoz H
- Wolf Axel Walter
- Wolfe Charles D A
- Wondimagegene Yohannes Addisu
- Wong Yen Jun
- Wongsin Utoomporn
- Wool Eve E
- Wu Ai-Min
- Wu Chenkai
- Wu Felicia
- Wu Xinsheng
- Wu Zenghong
- Xia Juan
- Xiao Hong
- Xie Yang
- Xu Suowen
- Xu Wang-Dong
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Xu Yvonne Yiru
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yamagishi Kazumasa
- Yang Danting
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Yaribeygi Habib
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yehualashet Sisay Shewasinad
- Yesiltepe Metin
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yezli Saber
- Yi Siyan
- Yigezu Amanuel
- Yip Paul
- Yismaw Malede Berihun
- Yismaw Yazachew
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Yoon Seok-Jun
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yousefi Zabihollah
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yuh Faith H
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zadnik Vesna
- Zafari Nima
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zamora Nelson
- Zand Ramin
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zar Heather J
- Zare Iman
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zeariya Mohammed G M
- Zeinali Zahra
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Jianrong
- Zhang Jingya
- Zhang Liqun
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Lei
- Ziafati Makan
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zitoun Osama A
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zuhlke Liesl J
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zweck Elric
- Zyoud Samer H
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Šekerija Mario
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/01/2024
- Field of study
BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
stairs and fire
- Author
- Abbaneo Duccio
- Abbiendi Giovanni
- Abbrescia Marcello
- Abdullin Salavat
- Acosta Darin
- Acosta Jhon Gabriel
- Adair Antony
- Adam Nadia
- Adam Wolfgang
- Adams Mark Raymond
- Adams Todd
- Adiguzel Aytul
- Adler Volker
- Adzic Petar
- Afanasiev Serguei
- Agostino Lorenzo
- Agram Jean-Laurent
- Aguilar-Benitez Manuel
- Aguilo Ernest
- Ahmad Muhammad
- Ahuja Sudha
- Akchurin Nural
- Akgun Bora
- Akgun Ugur
- Akin Ilina Vasileva
- Alagoz Enver
- Albajar Carmen
- Albayrak Elif Asli
- Albergo Sebastiano
- Albrow Michael
- Alcaraz Maestre Juan
- Aldaya Martin Maria
- Aldá Júnior Walter Luiz
- Alexander James
- Aliev Takhmasib
- Almeida Nuno
- Alver Burak
- Alverson George
- Alves Gilvan
- Amapane Nicola
- Amsler Claude
- Anagnostou Georgios
- Anastassov Anton
- Anderson Jacob
- Anderson Michael
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- Antonelli Louis
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- Apanasevich Leonard
- Apollinari Giorgio
- Appelt Eric
- Apresyan Artur
- Aranyi Attila
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- Arisaka Katsushi
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- Heredia-de La Cruz Ivan
- Hermanns Thomas
- Hernandez Jose M.
- Herndon Matthew
- Hervé Alain
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- Hill Christopher
- Hindrichs Otto
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- Hirosky Robert
- Hirschauer James
- Hits Dmitry
- Hobson Peter R.
- Hoch Michael
- Hoepfner Kerstin
- Hoffmann Hans Falk
- Hoffmann Karl-Heinz
- Hofman David Jonathan
- Hohlmann Marcus
- Hollar Jonathan
- Hollingsworth Matthew
- Holzner André
- Honc Simon
- Hong Byung-Sik
- Hooberman Benjamin
- Hoorani Hafeez R.
- Hopkins Walter
- Horisberger Roland
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- Hos Ilknur
- Hou George Wei-Shu
- Houtz Rachel
- Hreus Tomas
- Hrubec Josef
- Hsiung Yee
- Hu Guofan
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- Hugon Justin
- Hunt Adam
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- Höhle Felix
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- Iaselli Giuseppe
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- Johnson Marvin
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- Kunde Gerd J.
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- Lyons Louis
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- Mercadante Pedro G.
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- Nesvold Erik
- Neu Christopher
- Neumeister Norbert
- Newbold Dave M.
- Newman Harvey B.
- Newman-Holmes Catherine
- Newsom Charles Ray
- Nguyen Duong
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- Norbeck Edwin
- Nourbakhsh Shervin
- Novaes Sergio F.
- Nowack Andreas
- Nowak Friederike
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- Rahatlou Shahram
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- Ratti Sergio P.
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- Renz Manuel
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- Reyes-Santos Marco A.
- Ribeiro Cipriano Pedro M.
- Ribeiro Pedro Quinaz
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- Rusack Roger
- Rusakov Sergey V.
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- Sanders David A.
- Sanders Stephen
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- Santaolalla Javier
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- Santoro Alberto
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- Schettler Hannes
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- Schilling Frank-Peter
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- Selvaggi Michele
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- Senkin Sergey
- Seo Eunsung
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- Sexton-Kennedy Elizabeth
- Sfiligoi Igor
- Sguazzoni Giacomo
- Shah Mehar Ali
- Sharma Archana
- Sharma Archana
- Sharma Seema
- Sharma Varun
- Sharma Vivek
- Sheldon Paul
- Shepherd-Themistocleous Claire H.
- Shi Xin
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- Shiu Jing-Ge
- Shivpuri Ram Krishen
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- Shoaib Muhammad
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- Shreyber Irina
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- Sibille Jennifer
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- Singh Anil
- Singh Gurpreet
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- Sirois Yves
- Siroli Gianni
- Sirunyan Albert M.
- Skhirtladze Nikoloz
- Skuja Andris
- Slaunwhite Jason
- Smirnov Igor
- Smirnov Vitaly
- Smith James
- Smith John
- Smith Kenneth
- Smith Vincent J.
- Smith Wesley H.
- Snigirev Alexander
- Snoek Hella
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- Snow Gregory R.
- Snowball Matthew
- Soares Jorge Luana
- Sobol Andrei
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- Son Dong-Chul
- Song Sanghyeon
- Sonmez Nasuf
- Sonnenschein Lars
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- Souza Dos Anjos Tiago
- Spagnolo Paolo
- Spalding William J.
- Spanier Stefan
- Sparrow Alex
- Speer Thomas
- Sperka David
- Sphicas Paraskevas
- Spiegel Leonard
- Spiga Daniele
- Spiridonov Alexander
- Spiropulu Maria
- Sprenger Daniel
- Squires Michael
- St John Jason
- Stadie Hartmut
- Stahl Achim
- Staiano Amedeo
- Starodumov Andrei
- Steggemann Jan
- Stein Matthias
- Steinbrück Georg
- Stenson Kevin
- Stephans George
- Stickland David
- Stieger Benjamin
- Stiliaris Efstathios
- Stober Fred-Markus Helmut
- Stolin Viatcheslav
- Stone Robert
- Stoye Markus
- Stoykova Stefka
- Stoynev Stoyan
- Strauss Josef
- Stringer Robert
- Strobbe Nadja
- Strom Derek
- Stuart David
- Sturdy Jared
- Stöckli Fabian
- Suarez Gonzalez Juan
- Suarez Indara
- Sudano Elizabeth
- Sudhakar Katta
- Sulak Lawrence
- Sulimov Valentin
- Sultanov Georgi
- Summers Don
- Sumorok Konstanty
- Sumowidagdo Suharyo
- Sun Werner
- Sunar Cerci Deniz
- Sung Kevin
- Surat Ugur Emrah
- Svintradze Irakli
- Svyatkovskiy Alexey
- Swanson Joshua
- Swartz Morris
- Symonds Philip
- Szillasi Zoltan
- Szleper Michal
- Sznajder Andre
- Sánchez Hernández Alberto
- Tabarelli de Fatis Tommaso
- Tadel Matevz
- Takahashi Maiko
- Tali Bayram
- Tambe Norbert
- Tan Ping
- Tao Junquan
- Tapper Alexander
- Taroni Silvia
- Tatarinov Aysen
- Taurok Anton
- Tauscher Ludwig
- Taylor Lucas
- Tcholakov Vanio
- Teischinger Florian
- Temple Jeffrey
- Tenchini Roberto
- Teng Haiyun
- Teo Wee Don
- Teodorescu Liliana
- Teyssier Daniel
- Thea Alessandro
- Theofilatos Konstantinos
- Thiebaux Christophe
- Thom Julia
- Thomas Laurent
- Thomas Scott
- Thompson Joshua
- Thomsen Jan
- Thyssen Filip
- Tiko Andres
- Timciuc Vladlen
- Tinti Gemma
- Tiras Emrah
- Titov Maksym
- Tkaczyk Slawek
- To Wing
- Toback David
- Tomalin Ian R.
- Tomaszewska Justyna
- Tomei Thiago
- Tonelli Guido
- Tonjes Marguerite
- Tonwar Suresh C.
- Topakli Huseyin
- Torassa Ezio
- Toropin Alexander
- Torre Paola
- Tosi Mia
- Tosi Silvano
- Tourneur Stephane
- Tourtchanovitch Leonid
- Traczyk Piotr
- Tran Nhan Viet
- Trapani Pier Paolo
- Travaglini Riccardo
- Trayanov Rumen
- Treille Daniel
- Triantis Frixos A.
- Tricomi Alessia
- Tripathi Mani
- Trocino Daniele
- Trocsanyi Zoltan Laszlo
- Troendle Daniel
- Troitsky Sergey
- Tropiano Antonio
- Troshin Sergey
- Tsang Ka Vang
- Tschudi Yohann
- Tsirou Andromachi
- Tu Yanjun
- Tucker Jordan
- Tully Christopher
- Tumasyan Armen
- Tuo Shengquan
- Tuominen Eija
- Tuominiemi Jorma
- Tuovinen Esa
- Tupputi Salvatore
- Turkewitz Jared
- Turner Mark
- Tuuva Tuure
- Tuve Cristina
- Twedt Elizabeth
- Tytgat Michael
- Tyurin Nikolay
- Tzeng Yeng-Ming
- Ujvari Balazs
- Ulmer Keith
- Ungaro Donatella
- Uplegger Lorenzo
- Urscheler Christina
- Uvarov Lev
- Uzun Dilber
- Uzunian Andrey
- Vaandering Eric Wayne
- Valdata Marisa
- Valls Nil
- Valuev Vyacheslav
- Van Doninck Walter
- Van Haevermaet Hans
- Van Hove Pierre
- Van Mechelen Pierre
- Van Mulders Petra
- Van Onsem Gerrit Patrick
- Van Remortel Nick
- Van Spilbeeck Alex
- Vander Velde Catherine
- Vanelderen Lukas
- Vanini Sara
- Vanlaer Pascal
- Varela Joao
- Varelas Nikos
- Vartak Adish
- Vasquez Sierra Ricardo
- Vaughan Jennifer
- Vavilov Sergey
- Vazquez Acosta Monica
- Vazquez Valencia Fabiola
- Veelken Christian
- Veeraraghavan Venkatesh
- Velasco Mayda
- Velicanu Dragos
- Velkovska Julia
- Venturi Andrea
- Verdier Patrice
- Verdini Piero Giorgio
- Veres Gabor Istvan
- Vergili Latife Nukhet
- Vergili Mehmet
- Verwilligen Piet
- Verzetti Mauro
- Veszpremi Viktor
- Vesztergombi Gyorgy
- Veverka Jan
- Vichoudis Paschalis
- Vidal Marono Miguel
- Vidal Richard
- Vila Ivan
- Vilar Cortabitarte Rocio
- Vilela Pereira Antonio
- Villasenor-Cendejas Luis Manuel
- Villella Ilaria
- Vinogradov Alexey
- Virdee Tejinder
- Viret Sébastien
- Vischia Pietro
- Vishnevskiy Dmitry
- Vitulo Paolo
- Viviani Claudio
- Vizan Garcia Jesus Manuel
- Vlasov Evgueni
- Vlimant Jean-Roch
- Vodopiyanov Igor
- Vogel Helmut
- Volkov Alexey
- Volobouev Igor
- Volodko Anton
- Volpe Roberta
- Vorobiev Igor
- Vorobyev Alexey
- Vorobyev Andrey
- Voutilainen Mikko
- Vuosalo Carl
- Vutova Mariana
- Wagner Philipp
- Wagner Stephen Robert
- Wagner-Kuhr Jeannine
- Wakefield Stuart
- Wallny Rainer
- Walsh Roberval
- Walsh Sinead
- Waltenberger Wolfgang
- Walzel Gerhard
- Wan Zongru
- Wang Dayong
- Wang Jian
- Wang Jian
- Wang Minzu
- Wang Siguang
- Wang Xianyou
- Wang Zheng
- Wardle Nicholas
- Wardrope David
- Wasserbaech Steven
- Wayne Mitchell
- Weber Hannsjoerg Artur
- Weber Hendrik
- Weber Martin
- Weber Matthias
- Wehrli Lukas
- Weiler Thomas
- Weinberg Marc
- Wendland Lauri
- Weng Joanna
- Weng Yao
- Wenger Edward Allen
- Werner Jeremy Scott
- West Christopher
- Wetzel James
- Whitbeck Andrew
- Whitmore Juliana
- Whyntie Tom
- Wickens John
- Wickramage Nadeesha
- Widl Edmund
- Wigmans Richard
- Wilken Rachel
- Wilkinson Richard
- Williams Grayson
- Williams Thomas
- Willmott Carlos
- Wimpenny Stephen
- Winn Dave
- Winstrom Lucas
- Wissing Christoph
- Wittich Peter
- Wittmer Bruno
- Wolf Matthias
- Wolf Roger
- Womersley William John
- Won Steven
- Wood Darien
- Wood Jeffrey Scott
- Wood John
- Worm Steven
- Wright Douglas
- Wrochna Grzegorz
- Wu Weimin
- Wulz Claudia-Elisabeth
- Wyslouch Bolek
- Wöhri Hermine Katharina
- Würthwein Frank
- Xiao Hong
- Xie Si
- Xu Ming
- Yagil Avraham
- Yalvac Metin
- Yang Fan
- Yang Mingming
- Yang Yong
- Yang Zong-Chang
- Yazgan Efe
- Yelton John
- Yetkin Taylan
- Yi Kai
- Yildirim Eda
- Yilmaz Yetkin
- Yohay Rachel
- Yoo Hwi Dong
- Yoo Jaehyeok
- Yoon Sungho
- York Andrew
- Yu Intae
- Yu Shin-Shan
- Yumiceva Francisco
- Yun Jae Chul
- Zabel James
- Zabi Alexandre
- Zablocki Jakub
- Zaganidis Nicolas
- Zakaria Mohammed
- Zalewski Piotr
- Zanetti Marco
- Zang Jingjing
- Zang Shi-Lei
- Zarubin Anatoli
- Zatserklyaniy Andriy
- Zeinali Maryam
- Zeise Manuel
- Zeuner Wolfram Dietrich
- Zeyrek Mehmet
- Zhang Jinzhong
- Zhang Zhen
- Zheng Yu
- Zhokin Alexander
- Zhu Bo
- Zhu Ren-Yuan
- Zhukov Valery
- Zhukova Victoria
- Ziebarth Eva Barbara
- Ziegler Jill
- Zielinski Marek
- Zito Giuseppe
- Zotto Pierluigi
- Zou Wei
- Zuranski Andrzej
- Zöller Marc Henning
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
The possible role of Cytochrome c and programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) on pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/12/2015
- Field of study
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is regarded as one of the most common malignancies and among the leading causes of cancer death in the whole world. Apoptosis is a fundamental process controlling cell death and plays a critical role in normal development of multicellular organisms. When abnormalities occur in apoptosis, a variety of diseases are caused, including cancer. The aim of the current study was to determine the serum expression of Cytochrome c and PDCD4 among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic hepatitis.
Patients and methods: A total of 40 serum and tissue samples (17 samples from chronic hepatitis and 23 samples from HCC patients) were collected. Apoptotic markers in serum were carried out using the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique.
Results: We found that serum levels of PCDC4 and Cytochrome c were increased in patients with HCC when compared to chronic hepatitis patients. They were also increased in patients with chronic hepatitis when compared to controls (p < 0.05, significant). Analyzing the impact of HCC characters on serum values of PDCD4 and Cytochrome c revealed that the mean values of both PDCD4 and Cytochrome c are significantly higher in cases with single lesion of HCC (p < 0.05, significant). Right lobe location of HCC lesions has the highest mean values of PDCD4 (p < 0.05, significant). As regards grade of differentiation, grade П has higher mean values of Cytochrome c (p < 0.05, significant).
Conclusion: Serum levels of Cytochrome c and PDCD4 are increased in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and could be used as diagnostic aid for HCC
Incidence Of Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections In Intensive Care Units In A Private Hospital (Cairo, Egypt)
- Author
- Ahmed S.H.
- Al-Tawfiq J.A.
- Aly N.Y.
- Amira M. Malek
- Dudeck M.A.
- Dudeck M.A.
- Edgeworth J.
- Edwards J.R.
- El-Kholy A.
- Fridkin S.K.
- Hasnaa A. Abouseif
- Higuera F.
- Hoda I. Fahim
- Horan T.C.
- Hugonnet S.
- Kanj S.
- Khaled M. Abd Elaziz
- Klevens R.M.
- Maki D.G.
- Mermel L.A.
- Mermel L.A.
- Mohamed F. Allam
- Navoa-Ng J.A.
- Peng S.
- Raad I.
- Rasslan O.
- Rosenthal V.D.
- Rosenthal V.D.
- Rosenthal V.D.
- Sligl W.
- Soufir L.
- Tao F.
- Tarpatzi A.
- Tarricone R.
- Vincent J.L.
- Wisplinghoff H.
- Wittekamp B.H.
- Wylie M.C.
- Zakariya B.P.
- Publication venue
- 'Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Search for narrow resonances using the dijet mass spectrum in pp collisions at s√=8 TeV
- Author
- Abbaneo Duccio
- Abbiendi Giovanni
- Abbrescia Marcello
- Abdullin Salavat
- Abdulsalam Abdulla
- Acosta Darin
- Adair Antony
- Adam Wolfgang
- Adams Mark Raymond
- Adams Todd
- Adiguzel Aytul
- Adler Volker
- Adzic Petar
- Agram Jean-Laurent
- Aguilar-Benitez Manuel
- Aguilo Ernest
- Ahmad Muhammad
- Ahuja Sudha
- Akchurin Nural
- Akgun Bora
- Akgun Ugur
- Akin Ilina Vasileva
- Alagoz Enver
- Albajar Carmen
- Albayrak Elif Asli
- Albergo Sebastiano
- Albrow Michael
- Alcaraz Maestre Juan
- Aldaya Martin Maria
- Alderweireldt Sara
- Aldá Júnior Walter Luiz
- Alexander James
- Aliev Takhmasib
- Alimena Juliette
- Almeida Nuno
- Alverson George
- Alves Gilvan
- Amapane Nicola
- Amsler Claude
- Anagnostou Georgios
- Anastassov Anton
- Anderson Jacob
- Anderson Michael
- Andrea Jeremy
- Andreev Valeri
- Andreev Vladimir
- Andreev Yuri
- Andrews Warren
- Antonelli Louis
- Antunovic Zeljko
- Apanasevich Leonard
- Appelt Eric
- Apresyan Artur
- Apyan Aram
- Arce Pedro
- Arcidiacono Roberta
- Arenton Michael Wayne
- Arfaei Hessamaddin
- Argiro Stefano
- Arneodo Michele
- Arora Sanjay
- Asavapibhop Burin
- Asawatangtrakuldee Chayanit
- Asghar Muhammad Irfan
- Asin Ivan
- Askew Andrew
- Assran Yasser
- Ata Metin
- Attikis Alexandros
- Auffray Etiennette
- Autermann Christian
- Auzinger Georg
- Avdeeva Ekaterina
- Avery Paul
- Avetisyan Aram
- Avila Carlos
- Azarkin Maksim
- Azhgirey Igor
- Aziz Tariq
- Azzi Patrizia
- Azzolini Virginia
- Azzurri Paolo
- Baarmand Marc M
- Babb John
- Bacchetta Nicola
- Bachmair Felix
- Bachtis Michail
- Baden Drew
- Baffioni Stephanie
- Bagliesi Giuseppe
- Bahtiyar Hüseyin
- Bai Yuting
- Baillon Paul
- Bainbridge Robert
- Bakhshiansohi Hamed
- Bakirci Mustafa Numan
- Balazs Michael
- Ball Austin
- Ball Gordon
- Ban Yong
- Banerjee Sudeshna
- Banerjee Sunanda
- Bansal Monika
- Bansal Sunil
- Barbagli Giuseppe
- Barberis Emanuela
- Barbone Lucia
- Barfuss Anne-Fleur
- Bargassa Pedrame
- Barge Derek
- Baringer Philip
- Barker Anthony
- Barlas Esra
- Barnes Virgil E
- Barnett Bruce Arnold
- Barney David
- Barone Luciano
- Bartalini Paolo
- Barth Christian
- Bartosik Nazar
- Basegmez Suzan
- Basso Lorenzo
- Battilana Carlo
- Bauer Gerry
- Bauerdick Lothar AT
- Baumgartel Darin
- Baus Colin
- Bayshev Igor
- Bazterra Victor Eduardo
- Bean Alice
- Beauceron Stephanie
- Beaudette Florian
- Beaupere Nicolas
- Beernaert Kelly
- Behr Joerg
- Behrenhoff Wolf
- Behrens Ulf
- Belforte Stefano
- Beliy Nikita
- Belknap Donald
- Bell Alan James
- Bell Ken W
- Bellan Riccardo
- Belyaev Alexander
- Belyaev Andrey
- Benaglia Andrea
- Bencze Gyorgy
- Bendavid Joshua
- Benedetti Daniele
- Benelli Gabriele
- Benhabib Lamia
- Beni Noemi
- Benitez Jose F
- Benussi Luigi
- Benvenuti Alberto
- Beranek Sarah
- Beretvas Andrew
- Bergauer Thomas
- Berger Joram
- Bergholz Matthias
- Beri Suman Bala
- Bernardes Cesar Augusto
- Bernardini Jacopo
- Bernet Colin
- Berry Douglas
- Berry Edmund
- Berryhill Jeffrey
- Bertl Willi
- Besancon Marc
- Betchart Burton
- Bethani Agni
- Betts Russell Richard
- Beuselinck Raymond
- Bhardwaj Ashutosh
- Bhat Pushpalatha C
- Bhatnagar Vipin
- Bhattacharya Saptaparna
- Bhattacharya Satyaki
- Bhatti Anwar
- Bialkowska Helena
- Bian Jian-Guo
- Bianchi Giovanni
- Bianchini Lorenzo
- Bianco Stefano
- Biasini Maurizio
- Biino Cristina
- Bilei Gian Mario
- Bilin Bugra
- Bilinskas Mykolas Jurgis
- Bilki Burak
- Bilmis Selcuk
- Bisello Dario
- Bitioukov Sergei
- Blekman Freya
- Blobel Volker
- Bloch Daniel
- Bloch Philippe
- Bloom Kenneth
- Bluj Michal
- Blumenfeld Barry
- Blyweert Stijn
- Boccali Tommaso
- Bocci Andrea
- Bochenek Joseph
- Bodek Arie
- Bodin David
- Boimska Bożena
- Bolla Gino
- Bolognesi Sara
- Bolton Tim
- Bonacorsi Daniele
- Bonato Alessio
- Bondu Olivier
- Bontenackels Michael
- Boos Edouard
- Bornheim Adolf
- Borras Kerstin
- Borrello Laura
- Bortignon Pierluigi
- Bortoletto Daniela
- Bose Suvadeep
- Bose Tulika
- Botta Cristina
- Boudoul Gaelle
- Boulahouache Chaouki
- Bourilkov Dimitri
- Boutle Sarah
- Braibant-Giacomelli Sylvie
- Branca Antonio
- Branson James G
- Breedon Richard
- Breto Guillermo
- Breuker Horst
- Brew Christopher
- Brigliadori Luca
- Brigljevic Vuko
- Brinkerhoff Andrew
- Broccolo Giuseppe
- Brochero Cifuentes Javier Andres
- Brochet Sébastien
- Brom Jean-Marie
- Brona Grzegorz
- Brooke James John
- Brown Robert M
- Brownson Eric
- Brun Hugues
- Bruno Giacomo
- Buchmann Marco-Andrea
- Buchmuller Oliver
- Bucinskaite Inga
- Bunin Pavel
- Bunkowski Karol
- Bunn Julian
- Buontempo Salvatore
- Burgmeier Armin
- Burkett Kevin
- Busson Philippe
- Busza Wit
- Butler Joel Nathan
- Butler Philip H
- Butt Jamila
- Butz Erik
- Bylsma Ben
- Bäni Lukas
- Böser Christian
- Cabrillo Iban Jose
- Caebergs Thierry
- Cakir Altan
- Calabria Cesare
- Calamba Aristotle
- Calderon De La Barca Sanchez Manuel
- Calderon Alicia
- Cali Ivan Amos
- Calligaris Luigi
- Callner Jeremy
- Calpas Betty
- Calvert Brian
- Calvo Enrique
- Campagnari Claudio
- Campbell Alan
- Camporesi Tiziano
- Candelise Vieri
- Cankocak Kerem
- Capiluppi Paolo
- Cappello Gigi
- Cardaci Marco
- Carlin Roberto
- Carlsmith Duncan
- Carrillo Montoya Camilo Andres
- Carrillo Moreno Salvador
- Carroll Ryan
- Cartiglia Nicolo
- Carvalho Wagner
- Casal Bruno
- Casarsa Massimo
- Casasso Stefano
- Casimiro Linares Edgar
- Castaldi Rino
- Castello Roberto
- Castilla-Valdez Heriberto
- Castro Andrea
- Castro Elena
- Caudron Julien
- Caulfield Matthew
- Cavallari Francesca
- Cavallo Francesca Romana
- Cavallo Nicola
- Cavanaugh Richard
- Ceard Ludivine
- Cepeda Maria
- Cerati Giuseppe Benedetto
- Cerci Salim
- Cerizza Giordano
- Cerminara Gianluca
- Cerrada Marcos
- Chabert Eric Christian
- Chadwick Matthew
- Chakaberia Irakli
- Chamizo Llatas Maria
- Chan Kwok Ming
- Chan Matthew
- Chang Paoti
- Chang Sunghyun
- Chang You-Hao
- Chang Yu-Wei
- Chang Yuan-Hann
- Chanon Nicolas
- Chao Yuan
- Charaf Otman
- Charlot Claude
- Chasco Matthew
- Chasserat Julien
- Chatrchyan Serguei
- Chatterjee Avishek
- Chatterjee Kalyanmoy
- Chatterjee Rajdeep Mohan
- Chauhan Sushil
- Checchia Paolo
- Chen Guo-Ming
- Chen He-Sheng
- Chen Jie
- Chen Kai-Feng
- Chen Kuan-Hsin
- Chen Mingshui
- Chen Yi
- Cheng Tongguang
- Cherepanov Vladimir
- Chertok Maxwell
- Chetluru Vasundhara
- Cheung Harry
- Chhibra Simranjit Singh
- Chierici Roberto
- Chinellato Jose
- Chiochia Vincenzo
- Chiorboli Massimiliano
- Chlebana Frank
- Choi Minkyoo
- Choi Suyong
- Choi Young Kyu
- Choi Young-Il
- Chou John Paul
- Choudhary Brajesh C
- Choudhury Somnath
- Christiansen Tim
- Christopher Grant
- Chuang Shan-Huei
- Chung Yeon Sei
- Chwalek Thorsten
- Ciesielski Robert
- Cihangir Selcuk
- Cimmino Anna
- Cittolin Sergio
- Ciulli Vitaliano
- Civinini Carlo
- Claes Daniel R
- Clare Robert
- Clarida Warren
- Clement Emyr
- Clerbaux Barbara
- Cline David
- Coarasa Perez Jose Antonio
- Cockerill David JA
- Codispoti Giuseppe
- Colafranceschi Stefano
- Colaleo Anna
- Cole Joanne
- Colino Nicanor
- Collard Caroline
- Colling David
- Contardo Didier
- Conte Eric
- Contreras-Campana Christian
- Contreras-Campana Emmanuel
- Conway John
- Conway Rylan
- Cooper Seth
- Cornelis Tom
- Correa Martins Junior Marcos
- Cossutti Fabio
- Costa Marco
- Costa Salvatore
- Costantini Silvia
- Costanza Francesco
- Couderc Fabrice
- Coughlan John A
- Cousins Robert
- Covarelli Roberto
- Cox Bradley
- Cox Peter Timothy
- Creanza Donato
- Cremaldi Lucien Marcus
- Cripps Nicholas
- Cuevas Javier
- Cuffiani Marco
- Cumalat John Perry
- Cussans David
- Custódio Analu
- Cutajar Michael
- Cutts David
- Cwiok Mikolaj
- Czellar Sandor
- D'Agnolo Raffaele Tito
- D'Alessandro Raffaello
- D'Alfonso Mariarosaria
- D'Enterria David
- D'Hondt Jorgen
- Da Cunha Marinho Franciole
- Dabrowski Anne
- Daci Nadir
- Dahmes Bryan
- Dahms Torsten
- Dalchenko Mykhailo
- Dallavalle Gaetano-Marco
- Damgov Jordan
- Dammann Dirk
- Danielson Thomas
- Das Souvik
- Daskalakis Georgios
- Dasu Sridhara
- Daubie Evelyne
- Dauncey Paul
- David Tinoco Mendes Andre
- Davies Gavin
- De Almeida Dias Flavia
- de Barbaro Pawel
- De Benedetti Abraham
- De Boer Wim
- De Cosa Annapaola
- De Filippis Nicola
- De Gruttola Michele
- De Guio Federico
- De Jesus Damiao Dilson
- De La Cruz Begona
- De La Cruz-Burelo Eduard
- De Lentdecker Gilles
- De Mattia Marco
- De Moraes Gregores Eduardo
- De Oliveira Martins Carley
- De Palma Mauro
- De Roeck Albert
- de Trocóniz Jorge F
- De Visscher Simon
- De Wolf Eddi A
- Deisher Amanda
- Deiters Konrad
- Dejardin Marc
- Del Re Daniele
- Delaere Christophe
- Delannoy Andrés G
- Delgado Peris Antonio
- Dell'Orso Roberto
- Della Negra Michel
- Della Ricca Giuseppe
- Demaria Natale
- Demina Regina
- Demiragli Zeynep
- Demortier Luc
- Denegri Daniel
- Deniz Muhammed
- Depasse Pierre
- Dermenev Alexander
- Dero Vincent
- Descroix Alexis
- Dhingra Nitish
- Di Giovanni Gian Piero
- Di Guida Salvatore
- Di Marco Emanuele
- Di Matteo Leonardo
- Diamond Brendan
- Diemoz Marcella
- Dierlamm Alexander
- Dietz Charles
- Dietz-Laursonn Erik
- Diez Pardos Carmen
- Dilsiz Kamuran
- Dimitrov Anton
- Dinardo Mauro Emanuele
- Dissertori Günther
- Dittmar Michael
- Djordjevic Milos
- Dobrzynski Ludwik
- Dobson Marc
- Dobur Didar
- Doesburg Robert
- Dogangun Oktay
- Dolen James
- Dominguez Aaron
- Dominik Wojciech
- Domínguez Vázquez Daniel
- Donegà Mauro
- Dorigo Tommaso
- Dorland Tyler
- Dorney Brian
- Doroba Krzysztof
- Dozen Candan
- Dragicevic Marko
- Dragoiu Cosmin
- Drell Brian Robert
- Dremin Igor
- Drouhin Frédéric
- Drozdetskiy Alexey
- Du Pree Tristan
- Duarte Campderros Jordi
- Duarte Javier
- Dubinin Mikhail
- Duchardt Deborah
- Dudero Phillip Russell
- Dudko Lev
- Dugad Shashikant
- Duggan Daniel
- Dumanoglu Isa
- Dupont-Sagorin Niels
- Duric Senka
- Duris Joseph
- Durkin Lloyd Stanley
- Duru Firdevs
- Dutta Dipanwita
- Dutta Suchandra
- Dutta Valentina
- Dünser Marc
- Eads Michael
- Eckerlin Guenter
- Ecklund Karl Matthew
- Eckstein Doris
- Edelhoff Matthias
- Eerola Paula
- Eggert Nicholas
- Ekmedzic Marko
- El Mamouni Houmani
- Elgammal Sherif
- Eller Philipp
- Elliott-Peisert Anna
- Ellison John Anthony
- Ellithi Kamel Ali
- Elmer Peter
- Elvira Victor Daniel
- Enderle Holger
- Eno Sarah Catherine
- Epshteyn Vladimir
- Erbacher Robin
- Erdmann Martin
- Erdmann Wolfram
- Erdogan Yusuf
- Erfle Joachim
- Erhan Samim
- Erofeeva Maria
- Ershov Alexander
- Erö Janos
- Eshaq Yossof
- Eskut Eda
- Etesami Seyed Mohsen
- Eugster Jürg
- Eusebi Ricardo
- Evangelou Ioannis
- Evans David
- Evdokimov Olga
- Everaerts Pieter
- Everett Adam
- Evstyukhin Sergey
- Fabbri Fabrizio
- Fabbri Franco
- Fabbricatore Pasquale
- Fabbro Bernard
- Fabjan Christian
- Fabozzi Francesco
- Faccioli Pietro
- Fahim Ali
- Fanelli Cristiano
- Fanfani Alessandra
- Fantasia Cory
- Fanò Livio
- Farrell Chris
- Fasanella Daniele
- Faure Jean-Louis
- Favaro Carlotta
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- Renker Dieter
- Reucroft Steve
- Reyes-Santos Marco A
- Ribeiro Cipriano Pedro M
- Ribnik Jacob
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- Smith James
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- Smith Vincent J
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- To Wing
- Toback David
- Tomalin Ian R
- Tomei Thiago
- Tonelli Manganote Edmilson José
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- Tonwar Suresh C
- Topakli Huseyin
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- Villella Ilaria
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- Vodopiyanov Igor
- Vogel Helmut
- Volkov Alexey
- Volobouev Igor
- Volodko Anton
- Volpe Roberta
- Vorobiev Igor
- Vorobyev Alexey
- Vorobyev Andrey
- Voutilainen Mikko
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- Wagner-Kuhr Jeannine
- Wakefield Stuart
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- Wallny Rainer
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- Wang Jian
- Wang Jian
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- Wang Xianyou
- Wang Zheng
- Wardle Nicholas
- Wasserbaech Steven
- Wayand Stefan
- Wayne Mitchell
- Weber Hannsjoerg Artur
- Weber Hendrik
- Weber Martin
- Weber Matthias
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- Weiler Thomas
- Weinberg Marc
- Wendland Lauri
- Weng Yao
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- Whyntie Tom
- Wickramage Nadeesha
- Wilken Rachel
- Wilkinson Richard
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- Winer Brian L
- Winn Dave
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- Wood John
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- Wrochna Grzegorz
- Wu Weimin
- Wulz Claudia-Elisabeth
- Wyslouch Bolek
- Wöhri Hermine Katharina
- Würthwein Frank
- Xiao Hong
- Xie Si
- Xu Ming
- Yagil Avraham
- Yalvac Metin
- Yang Fan
- Yang Mingming
- Yang Yong
- Yang Zong-Chang
- Yazgan Efe
- Yelton John
- Yetkin Taylan
- Yi Kai
- Yilmaz Yetkin
- Yohay Rachel
- Yoo Hwi Dong
- Yoo Jaehyeok
- Yoon Sungho
- York Andrew
- Yu Intae
- Yu Shin-Shan
- Yumiceva Francisco
- Yun Jae Chul
- Yücel Mete
- Zabel James
- Zabi Alexandre
- Zablocki Jakub
- Zaganidis Nicolas
- Zakaria Mohammed
- Zalewski Piotr
- Zanetti Marco
- Zang Jingjing
- Zarubin Anatoli
- Zeinali Maryam
- Zeise Manuel
- Zenz Seth Conrad
- Zeuner Wolfram Dietrich
- Zeyrek Mehmet
- Zhang Jinzhong
- Zhang Linlin
- Zhang Zhen
- Zheng Yu
- Zhokin Alexander
- Zhu Ren-Yuan
- Zhukov Valery
- Zhukova Victoria
- Zielinski Marek
- Zito Giuseppe
- Zotto Pierluigi
- Zou Wei
- Zsigmond Anna Julia
- Zumerle Gianni
- Zuranski Andrzej
- Publication venue
- 'American Physical Society (APS)'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2013
- Field of study
Results are presented of a search for the production of new particles decaying to pairs of partons (quarks, antiquarks, or gluons), in the dijet mass spectrum in proton-proton collisions at s√=8 TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 4.0 fb−1, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2012. No significant evidence for narrow resonance production is observed. Upper limits are set at the 95% confidence level on the production cross section of hypothetical new particles decaying to quark-quark, quark-gluon, or gluon-gluon final states. These limits are then translated into lower limits on the masses of new resonances in specific scenarios of physics beyond the standard model. The limits reach up to 4.8 TeV, depending on the model, and extend previous exclusions from similar searches performed at lower collision energies. For the first time mass limits are set for the Randall–Sundrum graviton model in the dijet channel
Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Abate Melsew Dagne
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasi-Kangevari Zeinab
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Rabu Rami
- Abdulah Deldar Morad
- Abdullah Abu Yousuf Md
- Abedi Vida
- Abidi Hassan
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Adane Denberu Eshetie
- Adane Tigist Demssew
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Adegboye Oyelola A
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Afolabi Rotimi Felix
- Agarwal Gina
- Aghdam Zahra Babaei
- Agudelo-Botero Marcela
- Aguilera Arriagada Constanza Elizabeth
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Rizwan
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmadi Ali
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Akinyemi Rufus Olusola
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- AL-Ahdal Tareq Mohammed Ali
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa M
- Alalwan Tariq A
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Ali Hassam
- Alinia Tahereh
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Almustanyir Sami
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Amare Firehiwot
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amusa Ganiyu Adeniyi
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Anjana Ranjit Mohan
- Ansar Adnan
- Ansari Golnoosh
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Arabloo Jalal
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y
- Areda Demelash
- Arifin Hidayat
- Arkew Mesay
- Armocida Benedetta
- Artamonov Anton A
- Arulappan Judie
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Arumugam Ashokan
- Aryan Zahra
- Asemu Mulu Tiruneh
- Asghari-Jafarabadi Mohammad
- Askari Elaheh
- Asmelash Daniel
- Astell-Burt Thomas
- Athar Mohammad
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
- Avila-Burgos Leticia
- Awaisu Ahmed
- Azadnajafabad Sina
- B Darshan B
- Babamohamadi Hassan
- Badar Muhammad
- Badawi Alaa
- Badiye Ashish D
- Baghcheghi Nayereh
- Bagheri Nasser
- Bagherieh Sara
- Bah Sulaiman
- Bahadory Saeed
- Bai Ruhai
- Baig Atif Amin
- Baltatu Ovidiu Constantin
- Baradaran Hamid Reza
- Barchitta Martina
- Bardhan Mainak
- Barengo Noel C
- Barone Mark Thomaz Ugliara
- Barone-Adesi Francesco
- Barrow Amadou
- Bashiri Hamideh
- Basiru Afisu
- Basu Sanjay
- Basu Saurav
- Batiha Abdul-Monim Mohammad
- Batra Kavita
- Bayih Mulat Tirfie
- Bayileyegn Nebiyou Simegnew
- Behnoush Amir Hossein
- Bekele Alehegn Bekele
- Belete Melaku Ashagrie
- Belgaumi Uzma Iqbal
- Belo Luis
- Bennett Derrick A
- Bensenor Isabela M
- Berhe Kidanemaryam
- Berhie Alemshet Yirga
- Bhaskar Sonu
- Bhat Ajay Nagesh
- Bhatti Jasvinder Singh
- Bikbov Boris
- Bilal Faiq
- Bintoro Bagas Suryo
- Bitaraf Saeid
- Bitra Veera R
- Bjegovic-Mikanovic Vesna
- Bodolica Virginia
- Boloor Archith
- Boyko Edward J
- Brauer Michael
- Brazo-Sayavera Javier
- Brenner Hermann
- Butt Zahid A
- Bärnighausen Till Winfried
- Calina Daniela
- Campos Luciana Aparecida
- Campos-Nonato Ismael R
- Cao Chao
- Cao Yin
- Car Josip
- Carvalho Márcia
- Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos A
- Catalá-López Ferrán
- Cerin Ester
- Chadwick Joshua
- Chandrasekar Eeshwar K
- Chanie Gashaw Sisay
- Charan Jaykaran
- Chattu Vijay Kumar
- Chauhan Kirti
- Cheema Huzaifa Ahmad
- Chekol Abebe Endeshaw
- Chen Simiao
- Cherbuin Nicolas
- Chichagi Fatemeh
- Chidambaram Saravana Babu
- Cho William C S
- Choudhari Sonali Gajanan
- Chowdhury Enayet Karim
- Chowdhury Rajiv
- Chu Dinh-Toi
- Chukwu Isaac Sunday
- Chung Sheng-Chia
- Coberly Kaleb
- Columbus Alyssa
- Contreras Daniela
- Cousin Ewerton
- Criqui Michael H
- Cruz Jessica A
- Cruz-Martins Natália
- Cuschieri Sarah
- Dabo Bashir
- Dadras Omid
- Dai Xiaochen
- Dalton Bronte E
- Damasceno Albertino Antonio Moura
- Dandona Lalit
- Dandona Rakhi
- Das Saswati
- Dascalu Ana Maria
- Dash Nihar Ranjan
- Dashti Mohsen
- De la Cruz-Góngora Vanessa
- Debele Gebiso Roba
- Delpasand Kourosh
- Demisse Fitsum Wolde
- Demissie Getu Debalkie
- Deng Xinlei
- Denova-Gutiérrez Edgar
- Deo Salil V
- Dervišević Emina
- Desai Hardik Dineshbhai
- Desale Aragaw Tesfaw
- Dessie Anteneh Mengist
- Desta Fikreab
- Dewan Syed Masudur Rahman
- Dey Sourav
- Dhama Kuldeep
- Dhimal Meghnath
- Diao Nancy
- Diaz Daniel
- Dinu Monica
- Diress Mengistie
- Djalalinia Shirin
- Doan Linh Phuong
- Dongarwar Deepa
- dos Santos Figueiredo Francisco Winter
- Duncan Bruce B
- Duprey Joe
- Dutta Siddhartha
- Dziedzic Arkadiusz Marian
- Dávila-Cervantes Claudio Alberto
- Edinur Hisham Atan
- Ekholuenetale Michael
- Ekundayo Temitope Cyrus
- El-Huneidi Waseem
- Elgendy Islam Y
- Elhadi Muhammed
- Elmeligy Omar Abdelsadek Abdou
- Elmonem Mohamed A
- Endeshaw Destaw
- Esayas Hawi Leul
- Eshetu Habitu Birhan
- Etaee Farshid
- Fadhil Ibtihal
- Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis
- Fahim Ayesha
- Falahi Shahab
- Faris MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud
- Farrokhpour Hossein
- Farzadfar Farshad
- Fatehizadeh Ali
- Fazli Ghazal
- Feng Xiaoqi
- Ferede Tomas Y
- Fischer Florian
- Flood David
- Forouhari Ali
- Foroumadi Roham
- Foroutan Koudehi Masoumeh
- Gaidhane Abhay Motiramji
- Gaihre Santosh
- Gaipov Abduzhappar
- Galali Yaseen
- Ganesan Balasankar
- Garcia-Gordillo MA
- Gautam Rupesh K
- Gebrehiwot Mesfin
- Gebrekidan Kahsu Gebrekirstos
- Gebremeskel Teferi Gebru
- Getacher Lemma
- Ghadirian Fataneh
- Ghamari Seyyed-Hadi
- Ghasemi Nour Mohammad
- Ghassemi Fariba
- Golechha Mahaveer
- Goleij Pouya
- Golinelli Davide
- Gopalani Sameer Vali
- Guadie Habtamu Alganeh
- Guan Shi-Yang
- Gudayu Temesgen Worku
- Guimarães Rafael Alves
- Guled Rashid Abdi
- Gupta Kartik
- Gupta Rajeev
- Gupta Veer Bala
- Gupta Vivek Kumar
- Gyawali Bishal
- Haddadi Rasool
- Hadi Najah R
- Hagins Hailey
- Haile Teklehaimanot Gereziher
- Haj-Mirzaian Arvin
- Hajibeygi Ramtin
- Halwani Rabih
- Hamidi Samer
- Hankey Graeme J
- Hannan Md Abdul
- Haque Shafiul
- Harandi Hamid
- Harlianto Netanja I
- Hasan S M Mahmudul
- Hasan Syed Shahzad
- Hasani Hamidreza
- Hassanipour Soheil
- Hassen Mohammed Bheser
- Haubold Johannes
- Hay Simon I
- Hayat Khezar
- Heidari Golnaz
- Heidari Mohammad
- Hessami Kamran
- Hiraike Yuta
- Holla Ramesh
- Hossain Md Shakhaoat
- Hossain Sahadat
- Hosseini Mohammad-Salar
- Hosseinzadeh Hassan
- Hosseinzadeh Mehdi
- Huang Junjie
- Huda Md Nazmul
- Hussain Salman
- Huynh Hong-Han
- Hwang Bing-Fang
- Ibitoye Segun Emmanuel
- Ikeda Nayu
- Ilic Irena M
- Ilic Milena D
- Inbaraj Leeberk Raja
- Iqbal Afrin
- Islam Rakibul M
- Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
- Ismail Nahlah Elkudssiah
- Iso Hiroyasu
- Isola Gaetano
- Itumalla Ramaiah
- Iwagami Masao
- Iwu Chidozie C D
- Iyamu Ihoghosa Osamuyi
- Iyasu Assefa N
- Jacob Louis
- Jafarzadeh Abdollah
- Jahrami Haitham
- Jain Rajesh
- Jaja Chinwe
- Jamalpoor Zahra
- Jamshidi Elham
- Janakiraman Balamurugan
- Jayanna Krishnamurthy
- Jayapal Sathish Kumar
- Jayaram Shubha
- Jayawardena Ranil
- Jebai Rime
- Jeong Wonjeong
- Jin Yinzi
- Jokar Mohammad
- Jonas Jost B
- Joseph Abel
- Joseph Nitin
- Joshua Charity Ehimwenma
- Joukar Farahnaz
- Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy
- Kaambwa Billingsley
- Kabir Ali
- Kabthymer Robel Hussen
- Kadashetti Vidya
- Kahe Farima
- Kalhor Rohollah
- Kandel Himal
- Karanth Shama D
- Karaye Ibraheem M
- Karkhah Samad
- Katoto Patrick DMC
- Kaur Navjot
- Kazemian Sina
- Kebede Sewnet Adem
- Khader Yousef Saleh
- Khajuria Himanshu
- Khalaji Amirmohammad
- Khan Ajmal
- Khan Maseer
- Khan Moien AB
- Khanal Saval
- Khatatbeh Moawiah Mohammad
- Khater Amir M
- Khateri Sorour
- khorashadizadeh Fatemeh
- Khubchandani Jagdish
- Kibret Biruk Getahun
- Kim Min Seo
- Kimokoti Ruth W
- Kisa Adnan
- Kivimäki Mika
- Kolahi Ali-Asghar
- Komaki Somayeh
- Kompani Farzad
- Koohestani Hamid Reza
- Korzh Oleksii
- Kostev Karel
- Kothari Nikhil
- Koyanagi Ai
- Krishan Kewal
- Krishnamoorthy Yuvaraj
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- Thangaraju Pugazhenthan
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- Tiyuri Amir
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- Tsegay Guesh Mebrahtom
- Tualeka Abdul Rohim
- Tufa Derara Girma
- Tyrovolas Stefanos
- Ullah Sana
- Upadhyay Era
- Vahabi Seyed Mohammad
- Vaithinathan Asokan Govindaraj
- Valizadeh Rohollah
- van Daalen Kim Robin
- Vart Priya
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vaziri Siavash
- Verma Madhur verma
- Verras Georgios-Ioannis
- Vo Danh Cao
- Vollset Stein Emil
- Vos Theo
- Wagaye Birhanu
- Waheed Yasir
- Wang Cong
- Wang Fang
- Wang Yanqing
- Wang Ziyue
- Wassie Gizachew Tadesse
- Wei Melissa Y Wei
- Weldemariam Abrha Hailay
- Westerman Ronny
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Wu YiFan
- Wulandari Ratna DWI
- Xia Juan
- Xiao Hong
- Xu Suowen
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Yada Dereje Y
- Yang Lin
- Yatsuya Hiroshi
- Yesiltepe Metin
- Yi Siyan
- Yohannis Hunachew Kibret
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- You Yuyi
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zamora Nelson
- Zare Iman
- Zarea Kourosh
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zeru Naod Gebrekrstos
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Jingjing
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zikarg Yossef Teshome
- Zodpey Sanjay
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zuniga Yves Miel H
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2023
- Field of study
Background: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. Methods: Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. Findings: In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500-564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8-6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7-9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5-13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world's highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1-79·5) in individuals aged 75-79 years. Total diabetes prevalence-especially among older adults-primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1-96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9-95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5-71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5-30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22-1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1-17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8-11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. Interpretation: Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Ababneh Hazim S
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdelwahab Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdulah Deldar Morad
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abebe Samrawit Shawel
- Abedi Aidin
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abhilash E S
- Abidi Hassan
- Abiodun Olumide
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abolmaali Meysam
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Aboye Girma Beressa
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abtahi Dariush
- Abu Rumeileh Samir
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Abualruz Hasan
- Abubakar Bilyaminu
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Accrombessi Manfred Mario Kokou
- Adal Tadele Girum
- Adamu Abdu A
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Addolorato Giovanni
- Adebiyi Akindele Olupelumi
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun
- Adetunji Juliana Bunmi
- Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther
- Adeyinka Daniel Adedayo
- Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel
- Admass Biruk Adie Adie
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Agampodi Suneth Buddhika
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Aggarwal Manik
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agide Feleke Doyore
- Agodi Antonella
- Agrawal Anurag
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmad Shahzaib
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Mehrunnisha Sharif
- Ahmed Meqdad Saleh
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Akara Essona Matatom
- Akbarialiabad Hossein
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akinyemiju Tomi
- Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed
- Akyirem Samuel
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Azzam Sayer
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali Ali
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
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- Alahdab Fares
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- Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth
- Aldawsari Khalifah A
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- Alema Haileselasie Berhane
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- Alemi Sharifullah
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- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Ali Abid
- Ali Amjad
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Shahid
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Alikhani Reyhaneh
- Alimohamadi Yousef
- Aliyi Ahmednur Adem
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- Almidani Louay
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- Amugsi Dickson A
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- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Anderson David B
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- Andrei Catalina Liliana
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- Artamonov Anton A
- Arulappan Judie
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Arumugam Ashokan
- Asaad Malke
- Asadi-Lari Mohsen
- Asgedom Akeza Awealom
- Asghari-Jafarabadi Mohammad
- Asghariahmadabad Mona
- Ashraf Muhammad
- Aslani Armin
- Astell-Burt Thomas
- Athar Mohammad
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atinafu Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye
- Atlaw Habtamu Wondmagegn
- Atorkey Prince
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
- Atreya Alok
- Aujayeb Avinash
- Ausloos Marcel
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- Awedew Atalel Fentahun
- Aweke Amlaku Mulat
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- Baghdadi Soroush
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- Bako Abdulaziz T
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- Bandyopadhyay Soham
- Banik Palash Chandra
- Bansal Hansi
- Bansal Kannu
- Barbic Franca
- Barchitta Martina
- Bardhan Mainak
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- Barone-Adesi Francesco
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- Barrero Lope H
- Barrow Amadou
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- Barua Lingkan
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- Behnoush Amir Hossein
- Behzadifar Masoud
- Beiranvand Maryam
- Bejarano Ramirez Diana Fernanda
- Belay Sefealem Assefa
- Belete Chalie Mulu
- Bell Michelle L
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- Bhutta Zulfiqar A
- Bikbov Boris
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- Biswas Atanu
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- Bitra Veera R
- Bjørge Tone
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- Boampong Mary Sefa
- Bobirca Anca Vasilica
- Bodolica Virginia
- Bodunrin Aadam Olalekan
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- Bogale Kassawmar Angaw
- Bohlouli Somayeh
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- Bonakdar Hashemi Milad
- Bonny Aime
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- Yang Danting
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- Yao Yao
- Yaribeygi Habib
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yehualashet Sisay Shewasinad
- Yesiltepe Metin
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yezli Saber
- Yi Siyan
- Yigezu Amanuel
- Yip Paul
- Yismaw Malede Berihun
- Yismaw Yazachew
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Yoon Seok-Jun
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yousefi Zabihollah
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yuh Faith H
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zadnik Vesna
- Zafari Nima
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zamora Nelson
- Zand Ramin
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zar Heather J
- Zare Iman
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zeariya Mohammed G M
- Zeinali Zahra
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Jianrong
- Zhang Jingya
- Zhang Liqun
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Lei
- Ziafati Makan
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zitoun Osama A
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zuhlke Liesl J
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zweck Elric
- Zyoud Samer H
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Šekerija Mario
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/04/2024
- Field of study
BackgroundRegular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations.MethodsThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds.FindingsThe leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles.InterpretationLong-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere
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