Shared heritability and functional enrichment across six solid cancers

Correction: Nature Communications 10 (2019): art. 4386 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12095-8Quantifying the genetic correlation between cancers can provide important insights into the mechanisms driving cancer etiology. Using genome-wide association study summary statistics across six cancer types based on a total of 296,215 cases and 301,319 controls of European ancestry, here we estimate the pair-wise genetic correlations between breast, colorectal, head/neck, lung, ovary and prostate cancer, and between cancers and 38 other diseases. We observed statistically significant genetic correlations between lung and head/neck cancer (r(g) = 0.57, p = 4.6 x 10(-8)), breast and ovarian cancer (r(g) = 0.24, p = 7 x 10(-5)), breast and lung cancer (r(g) = 0.18, p = 1.5 x 10(-6)) and breast and colorectal cancer (r(g) = 0.15, p = 1.1 x 10(-4)). We also found that multiple cancers are genetically correlated with non-cancer traits including smoking, psychiatric diseases and metabolic characteristics. Functional enrichment analysis revealed a significant excess contribution of conserved and regulatory regions to cancer heritability. Our comprehensive analysis of cross-cancer heritability suggests that solid tumors arising across tissues share in part a common germline genetic basis.Peer reviewe

Shared heritability and functional enrichment across six solid cancers

Quantifying the genetic correlation between cancers can provide important insights into the mechanisms driving cancer etiology. Using genome-wide association study summary statistics across six cancer types based on a total of 296,215 cases and 301,319 controls of European ancestry, here we estimate the pair-wise genetic correlations between breast, colorectal, head/neck, lung, ovary and prostate cancer, and between cancers and 38 other diseases. We observed statistically significant genetic correlations between lung and head/neck cancer (r(g) = 0.57, p = 4.6 x 10(-8)), breast and ovarian cancer (r(g) = 0.24, p = 7 x 10(-5)), breast and lung cancer (r(g) = 0.18, p = 1.5 x 10(-6)) and breast and colorectal cancer (r(g) = 0.15, p = 1.1 x 10(-4)). We also found that multiple cancers are genetically correlated with non-cancer traits including smoking, psychiatric diseases and metabolic characteristics. Functional enrichment analysis revealed a significant excess contribution of conserved and regulatory regions to cancer heritability. Our comprehensive analysis of cross-cancer heritability suggests that solid tumors arising across tissues share in part a common germline genetic basis

Como ves, los fines no justifican los medios: Imagen visual y juicio moral

We conducted three experiments indicating that characteristically deontological judgments--here, disapproving of sacrificing one person for the greater good of others--are preferentially supported by visual imagery. Experiment 1 used two matched working memory tasks-one visual, one verbal-to identify individuals with relatively visual cognitive styles and individuals with relatively verbal cognitive styles. Individuals with more visual cognitive styles made more deontological judgments. Experiment 2 showed that visual interference, relative to verbal interference and no interference, decreases deontological judgment. Experiment 3 indicated that these effects are due to people's tendency to visualize the harmful means (sacrificing one person) more than the beneficial end (saving others). These results suggest a specific role for visual imagery in moral judgment: When people consider sacrificing someone as a means to an end, visual imagery preferentially supports the judgment that the ends do not justify the means. These results suggest an integration of the dual-process theory of moral judgment with construal-level theory.Hemos llevado a cabo tres experimentos que indican que los juicios deontológicos son preferentemente apoyados por imágenes visuales, aquí concretamente en el juicio de desaprobar el sacrificio de una persona por el bien de otros. En el Experimento 1 se utilizaron dos tareas de memoria operativa-una visual, una verbal- para identificar a individuos con estilos cognitivos relativamente visuales e individuos con estilos cognitivos relativamente verbales. Los individuos con estilo cognitivo más visual realizaron más juicios deontológicos. En el Experimento 2 se mostró que la interferencia visual frente a la interferencia verbal o ausencia de interferencia disminuye el juicio deontológico. El Experimento 3 indicaba que estos efectos se deben a la tendencia de las personas a visualizar los medios dañinos (sacrificar a una persona) más que la finalidad beneficiosa (salvar a otros). Estos resultados sugieren que la visualización de imágenes tiene un papel específico en el juicio moral: Cuando las personas consideran el sacrificar a alguien como medio para un fin, la imagen visual preferentemente apoya el juicio moral de que los fines no justifican los medios. Estos resultados sugieren una integración de la teoría del juicio moral de proceso-dual y la teoría del nivel de construct

How People Judge Institutional Corruption

Institutional corruption refers to actions that are legal yet carry negative consequences for the greater good. Such legal yet harmful behaviors have been observed among politicians and donors who establish quid-pro-quo relationships in exchange for money and among doctors who receive gifts from pharmaceutical companies in return for recommending the companies’ drugs. How does the general public reconcile the tension between the legal status of an action and its impact on the greater good and judge the action’s moral acceptability? We explored this question empirically by comparing the relative weight people give to the legal status of actions and to the impact of actions when judging moral acceptability. Results show that people unequivocally rely on legal status and ignore the impact of the actions. We conclude that people outsource their moral judgments to the law. The law does not simply reflect people’s sense of corruption but determines it. Together, our research suggests a surprising and ironic role for the law: that it diminishes independent, critical thinking

Echo Dnia : dziennik RSW "Prasa-Książka-Ruch" 1974, R.4, nr 112

Nr 1 ukazał się 1 grudnia 1971. Od 1992 podtyt. : kieleckie. Zm. red. nacz. od nru 106 (1990) / Wojciech Podolecki, od nru 174 (1990) / Jerzy Chrobot, od nru 169 (1991) / Waldemar Pacławski, od nru 138 (1992) / Jerzy Gierszewski, od nru 218 (1992) / Jerzy Chrobot, od nru 228 (1995) / Andrzej Załucki, od nru 230 (2000) / Stanisław Wróbel. Od nru 92 (1994) wydanie kieleckie, od 1997 wydanie kieleckie 2. Zm. wydaw. od nru 16 (1973) : RSW "Prasa-Książka-Ruch" Kieleckie Wydaw. Prasowe, od nru 198 (1987) : Wydaw. Prasowe RSW "Prasa-Książka-Ruch", od nru 65 (1991) : "Acumen", od nru 81 (1992) : Mitex, od nru 147 (1992) : Echo Press, od nru 244 (1996) : Echo Investment, od nru 27 (1998) : Echo Media. Zm. formatu od nru 130 (1991) na 48 cm, od 239 (1992) na 41 cm

The effects of psychological distance on abstraction: Two meta-analyses

Psychological distance and abstraction both represent key variables of considerable interest to researchers across cognitive, social, and developmental psychology. Moreover, largely inspired by construal level theory, numerous experiments across multiple fields have now connected these 2 constructs, examining how psychological distance affects the level of abstraction at which people mentally represent the world around them. The time is clearly ripe for a quantitative synthesis to shed light on the relation between these constructs and investigate potential moderators. To this end, we conducted 2 meta-analyses of research examining the effects of psychological distance on abstraction and its downstream consequences. Across 106 papers containing a total of 267 experiments, our results showed a reliable and medium-sized effect of psychological distance on both level of abstraction in mental representation and the downstream consequences of abstraction. Importantly, these effects replicate across time, researchers, and settings. Our analyses also identified several key moderators, including the size of the difference in distance between 2 levels of a temporal distance manipulation and the dependent variable's capacity to tap processing of both abstract and concrete features (rather than only one or the other). We discuss theoretical and methodological implications, and highlight promising avenues for future research