Rock glaciers throughout the French Alps accelerated and destabilised since 1990 as air temperatures increased

Rock glaciers—ice-rich creeping landforms typical of permafrost mountain ranges—can develop an anomalous landslide-like behaviour called destabilisation. This behaviour is characterised by failure mechanisms (including cracks and crevasses) and increases in displacement rates by one to two orders of magnitude. Existing studies of this phenomenon have been limited to a small number of landforms and short time spans. Here, we systematically investigate the evolution of rock glacier kinematics over the past seven decades for the entire French Alps by combining observations of landform features indicative of the onset of destabilisation with data on displacements rates using aerial orthoimagery. We show that rock glacier velocities have significantly increased since the 1990s, concurrent with the development of destabilisation in 18 landforms that represent 5% of the 337 active rock glaciers. This pattern of activity correlates with rising air temperatures in the region, which suggests that a warming climate may play a role in this process

The caudo-ventral pallium is a novel pallial domain expressing Gdf10 and generating Ebf3-positive neurons of the medial amygdala

In rodents, the medial nucleus of the amygdala receives direct inputs from the accessory olfactory bulbs and is mainly implicated in pheromone-mediated reproductive and defensive behaviors. The principal neurons of the medial amygdala are GABAergic neurons generated principally in the caudo-ventral medial ganglionic eminence and preoptic area. Beside GABAergic neurons, the medial amygdala also contains glutamatergic Otp-expressing neurons cells generated in the lateral hypothalamic neuroepithelium and a non-well characterized Pax6-positive population. In the present work, we describe a novel glutamatergic Ebf3-expressing neuronal subpopulation distributed within the periphery of the postero-ventral medial amygdala. These neurons are generated in a pallial domain characterized by high expression of Gdf10. This territory is topologically the most caudal tier of the ventral pallium and accordingly, we named it Caudo-Ventral Pallium (CVP). In the absence of Pax6, the CVP is disrupted and Ebf3-expressing neurons fail to be generated. Overall, this work proposes a novel model of the neuronal composition of the medial amygdala and unravels for the first time a new novel pallial subpopulation originating from the CVP and expressing the transcription factor Ebf3.This work was supported by Grants of the French National Research Agency (Agence Nationale de la Recherche; ANR) [ANR-13-BSV4-0011] and by the French Government through the ‘Investments for the Future’ LABEX SIGNALIFE [ANR-11-LABX-0028-01] to M.S., by the Spanish Government (BFU2007-60263 and BFU2010-17305) to A.F, and by the Medical Research Council (MR/K013750/1) to T.T. N.R.-R. is funded by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Ville de Nice, France (“Aide Individuelle aux Jeunes Chercheurs 2016”).Peer reviewe

Lamination of the cerebral cortex is disturbed in Gli3 mutant mice

AbstractThe layered organization of the cerebral cortex develops in an inside-out pattern, a process which is controlled by the secreted protein reelin. Here we report on cortical lamination in the Gli3 hypomorphic mouse mutant XtJ/Pdn which lacks the cortical hem, a major source of reelin+ Cajal Retzius cells in the cerebral cortex. Unlike other previously described mouse mutants with hem defects, cortical lamination is disturbed in XtJ/Pdn animals. Surprisingly, these layering defects occur in the presence of reelin+ cells which are probably derived from an expanded Dbx1+ progenitor pool in the mutant. However, while these reelin+ neurons and also Calretinin+ cells are initially evenly distributed over the cortical surface they form clusters later during development suggesting a novel role for Gli3 in maintaining the proper arrangement of these cells in the marginal zone. Moreover, the radial glial network is disturbed in the regions of these clusters. In addition, the differentiation of subplate cells is affected which serve as a framework for developing a properly laminated cortex

Getting Down to Specifics: Profiling Gene Expression and Protein-DNA Interactions in a Cell Type-Specific Manner.

The majority of multicellular organisms are comprised of an extraordinary range of cell types, with different properties and gene expression profiles. Understanding what makes each cell type unique, and how their individual characteristics are attributed, are key questions for both developmental and neurobiologists alike. The brain is an excellent example of the cellular diversity expressed in the majority of eukaryotes. The mouse brain comprises of approximately 75 million neurons varying in morphology, electrophysiology, and preferences for synaptic partners. A powerful process in beginning to pick apart the mechanisms that specify individual characteristics of the cell, as well as their fate, is to profile gene expression patterns, chromatin states, and transcriptional networks in a cell type-specific manner, i.e. only profiling the cells of interest in a particular tissue. Depending on the organism, the questions being investigated, and the material available, certain cell type-specific profiling methods are more suitable than others. This chapter reviews the approaches presently available for selecting and isolating specific cell types and evaluates their key features

The ciliogenic transcription factor Rfx3 is required for the formation of the thalamocortical tract by regulating patterning of prethalamus and ventral telencephalon

Primary cilia are complex subcellular structures that play key roles during embryogenesis by controlling the cellular response to several signaling pathways. Defects in the function and/or structure of primary cilia underlie a large number of human syndromes collectively referred to as ciliopathies. Often, ciliopathies are associated with mental retardation (MR) and malformation of the corpus callosum. However, the possibility of defects in other forebrain axon tracts, which could contribute to the cognitive disorders of these patients, has not been explored. Here, we investigate the formation of the corticothalamic/thalamocortical tracts in mice mutant for Rfx3, which regulates the expression of many genes involved in ciliogenesis and cilia function. Using DiI axon tracing and immunohistochemistry experiments, we show that some Rfx3-/- corticothalamic axons abnormally migrate toward the pial surface of the ventral telencephalon (VT). Some thalamocortical axons (TCAs) also fail to leave the diencephalon or abnormally project toward the amygdala. Moreover, the Rfx3-/- VT displays heterotopias containing attractive guidance cues and expressing the guidance molecules Slit1 and Netrin1. Finally, the abnormal projection of TCAs toward the amygdala is also present in mice carrying a mutation in the Inpp5e gene, which is mutated in Joubert Syndrome and which controls cilia signaling and stability. The presence of identical thalamocortical malformations in two independent ciliary mutants indicates a novel role for primary cilia in the formation of the corticothalamic/thalamocortical tracts by establishing the correct cellular environment necessary for its development

Transcriptionally dynamic progenitor populations organised around a stable niche drive axial patterning

The elongating mouse anteroposterior axis is supplied by progenitors with distinct tissue fates. It is not known whether these progenitors confer anteroposterior pattern to the embryo. We have analysed the progenitor population transcriptomes in the mouse primitive streak and tail bud throughout axial elongation. Transcriptomic signatures distinguish three known progenitor types (neuromesodermal, lateral/paraxial mesoderm and notochord progenitors; NMPs, LPMPs and NotoPs). Both NMP and LPMP transcriptomes change extensively over time. In particular, NMPs upregulate Wnt, Fgf and Notch signalling components, and many Hox genes as progenitors transit from production of the trunk to the tail and expand in number. In contrast, the transcriptome of NotoPs is stable throughout axial elongation and they are required for normal axis elongation. These results suggest that NotoPs act as a progenitor niche whereas anteroposterior patterning originates within NMPs and LPMPs.ISSN:0950-1991ISSN:1477-912

Differential requirements for Gli2 and Gli3 in the regional specification of the mouse hypothalamus.

Secreted protein Sonic hedgehog (Shh) ventralizes the neural tube by modulating the crucial balance between activating and repressing functions (GliA, GliR) of transcription factors Gli2 and Gli3. This balance—the Shh-Gli code—is species- and context-dependent and has been elucidated for the mouse spinal cord. The hypothalamus, a forebrain region regulating vital functions like homeostasis and hormone secretion, shows dynamic and intricate Shh expression as well as complex regional differentiation. Here we asked if particular combinations of Gli2 and Gli3 and of GliA and GliR functions contribute to the variety of hypothalamic regions, i.e. we wanted to clarify the hypothalamic version of the Shh-Gli code. Based on mouse mutant analysis, we show that: 1) hypothalamic regional heterogeneity is based in part on differentially stringent requirements for Gli2 or Gli3; 2) another source of diversity are differential requirements for Shh of neural vs non-neural origin; 3) Gli2 is indispensable for the specification of a medial progenitor domain generating several essential hypothalamic nuclei plus the pituitary and median eminence; 4) the suppression of Gli3R by neural and non-neural Shh is essential for hypothalamic specification. Finally, we have mapped our results on a recent model which considers the hypothalamus as a transverse region with alar and basal portions. Our data confirm the model and are explained by it

Detection and quantification of movements by remote sensing (InSAR)in permafrost area.

Les glaciers rocheux sont l'une des expressions visibles du pergélisol de montagne et sont à ce titre l'objet d'études nombreuses et variées depuis plus de 20 ans. Deux principaux thèmes sont actuellement étudiés par la communauté scientifique : i) mieux appréhender les mouvements qui affectent les glaciers rocheux ainsi que les mécanismes qui les régissent et évaluer l'impact des changements atmosphériques globaux sur ces formes périglaciaires. Dans ces travaux de thèse nous proposons de contribuer au premier de ces deux thèmes de recherche en utilisant un des outils offerts par la télédétection, déjà utilisé dans d'autres pays pour l'étude des glaciers rocheux : l'interférométrie radar différentielle (D-InSAR). L'interférométrie radar différentielle (D-InSAR) est une méthode basée sur la mesure de la différence de phase entre deux images radar qui couvrent la même zone à différents intervalles de temps et depuis des orbites quasi-similaires. Déjà été utilisée dans d'autres domaines, notamment en glaciologie, volcanologie et sismologie, cette technique crée des interférogrammes, cartes de la déformation du sol en deux dimensions dans la ligne de visée du satellite, qui permettent de détecter et de quantifier un déplacement de quelques centimètres survenu au sol entre deux acquisitions radar. Des recherches en Suisse ont également montré que cette technique pouvait être utilisée pour semi-quantifier les mouvements de glaciers rocheux sur de vastes secteurs et parfois les quantifier (sous réserve de respecter certains critères lors de la création et l'analyse des interférogrammes). Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons acquis des images radar provenant des satellites ERS (datant de 1991 à 1995) et TerraSAR-X (datant de l'été 2012) grâce à l'ESA (agence spatiale européenne) et au DLR (Deutschen Zentrums für Luft und Raumfahrt, agence spatiale Allemande) dans le but de créer et d'analyser des interférogrammes dans le secteur des Alpes françaises. Nous nous intéressons principalement à la détection des glaciers rocheux. Les archives des satellites ERS-1 et 2 nous ont permis de travailler à l'échelle de l'ensemble des Alpes françaises avec une résolution moyenne (25m en géométrie sol). Les données provenant de TerraSAR-X (TSX) ont permis des analyses plus fines grâce à une meilleure résolution en géométrie sol (10m). Cependant le secteur d'études s'est restreint à la Haute Maurienne/Haute Tarentaise à cause du coût des données et du temps nécessaire à la création et à l'analyse des interférogrammes. Pour les données ERS, nous avons pris en compte l'ensemble des images disponibles au-dessus des Alpes françaises et choisi celles adaptées pour notre étude. Finalement 9 interférogrammes ont été créés. Pour analyser ces données deux méthodes ont été employées : i) une analyse visuelle par des géomorphologues dans un SIG (aidée par des ortho-images et des données topographiques) ; ii) une évaluation de la pertinence des résultats par l'intermédiaire d'une comparaison entre les résultats D-InSAR et des inventaires de glaciers rocheux existants. Finalement une carte de l'ensemble des glaciers rocheux détectés dans les Alpes françaises a été produite. Les données TSX ont été analysées sensiblement de la même manière. Enfin, une troisième étude s'est concentrée sur le cas peu commun du glacier rocheux « déstabilisé » de Pierre Brune (mouvements > 2m/an). Une reconstitution historique des déplacements a été réalisée à partir d'images optiques d'archive et des données GPS ont été acquises durant l'été 2012 et comparées aux données obtenues par D-InSAR. En nous basant sur ces études aux résolutions d'image et aux échelles spatiales variées, nous proposons une discussion sur la pertinence de l'utilisation de la méthode D-InSAR pour du « monitoring » à moyen et long termes des glaciers rocheux mais également sur les atouts et inconvénients de la méthode.Rockglaciers are one the visual expressions of mountain permafrost and have been the focus of numerous and various studies in the last two decades. Two main topics are studied by the scientific community: i) better understanding the movements of active rockglaciers and the phenomena that generate those movements; ii) assessing impact of global atmospheric change on these periglacial shapes. Here we propose to contribute to the first topic by using remote sensing method of displacement measurements already used in other countries for rockglaciers studies: Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR). D-InSAR is a method of measurement based on the phase difference between two radar images, which represent the same area but at different time intervals. The technique generates interferograms, maps of surface deformation in two-dimensions allowing for the detection and quantification (in centimeters) of variations in distance between the target and the radar between two different data acquisitions. Recent research has shown that the InSAR technique can be used to semi-quantify rockglacier deformation (under the assumption that certain conditions are respected with regard to generating and interpreting the interferograms). In the present thesis, ERS radar images (dating from 1991 to 1995) and TerraSAR-X data (dating from summer 2012) were obtained in courtesy of ESA (European Space Agency) and DLR (Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt, German Space Agency) with the aim of generating interferograms. We are interested by the detection of rockglacier movements. The ERS archives allowed us to work at French Alps scale with moderate resolution (25m in ground geometry) whereas TerraSAR-X data have better ground resolution (10m) but our analysis are more local (Haute Maurienne/Haute Tarentaise) due to the cost of the data and the time-consuming nature of the analyzes. With ERS, we selected all archives data and chose the more relevant of them. Finally 9 interferograms were generated. To analyse this amount of data two methods were employed: i) a GIS analysis of interferograms by geomorphologists (helped by ortho-images and topographic data), ii) a comparison between interferograms and existing rockglaciers shape inventory to evaluate the quality of the radar detections. At the end of the analysis a map of the French Alps with all detected rockglacier movements was produced. With TerraSAR-X data, the method of analysis was almost the same. Analyzes focused on the Haute Maurienne/Haute Tarentaise massif. A third scale of analysis is focus on Pierre Brune rockglacier which has been detected on ERS interferograms as destabilized rockglaciers (movement > 2 m/year). Further investigations have been carried out on this site (historical movements reconstitution and GPS acquisitions). Based on these studies with different scales and resolutions, we proposed a discussion about suitability of D-InSAR measurements method for long term rockglaciers monitoring as well as drawbacks and benefits of the method