Formaldehyde emission from low mass protostars

We present a survey of the formaldehyde emission in nine class 0 protostars obtained with the IRAM 30m and the JCMT millimeter telescopes. Using a detailed radiative transfer code of the envelopes surrounding the protostars, we show that all but one of the observed objects show an inner warm evaporation region where the formaldehyde is much more abundant (up to three orders of magnitude) than in the outer cold part. The largest inner formaldehyde abundances are associated with the sources having the lowest submillimetric to bolometric luminosity ratio, i.e. with sources closer to the class I border. These abundances are compared with predictions from recent models of hot core chemistry.Comment: Proceedings of the conference SF2A-2003: Semaine de l'Astrophysique Francaise, meeting held in Bordeaux, France, June 16-20, 2003. Eds.: F. Combes, D. Barret and T. Contini. EdP-Sciences, Conference Series, p. 8

Endogenous Spillovers under Cournot Rivalry and Co-opetitive Behaviors.

We develop a model of Cournot oligopolists with endogenous R§D spillovers where a specific type of co-opetition is introduced. The two principle factors of R§D spillovers, namely the absorptive capacity and the information-sharing parameter, are assumed to depend positively on the percentage of knowledge the firm chooses to codify and reveal. It is shown that identical firms that are rivals on the final good market do not necessarily choose the lowest level for the spillover parameters. Furthermore, there is some justification for a subsidy to knowledge codification and information-sharing. However, the latter is obtained under conditions on firms' technologies and spillover functions which ensure the emergence of symmetric solutions.cost reduction, endogenous spillovers, information sharing, absorptive capacity, co-opetition

Modeling Behavioral Heterogeneity in Demand Theory

This paper is a first step in answering B. Villemeur\'s (1998,1999) and Hildenbrand\'s (1998) criticism of the notions of behavioral heterogeneity introduced in demand theory by Grandmont (1992) and Kneip (1999). As in the Grandmont-Kneip approach, we define a notion of behavioral heterogeneity such that if the population is sufficiently heterogeneous, the aggregate budget share function is proved to become insensitive to changes in prices and income. However, in contrast to the aforementioned literature, this insensitivity in the aggregate is not explained by any insensitivity property at the microeconomic level, but rather by a ``balancing effect\'\' : For any commodity, the negative effect on market budget share induced after a change in prices or income by individuals who decrease their budget share is compensated by the existence of individuals who increase their budget share.Aggregation; Behavioral heterogeneity; Large economy; Balancing effect; Insensitivity of maket budget shares to changes in prices and income.

Modeling Behavioral Heterogeneity in Demand Theory

This paper is a first step in answering B. Villemeur\'s (1998,1999) and Hildenbrand\'s (1998) criticism of the notions of behavioral heterogeneity introduced in demand theory by Grandmont (1992) and Kneip (1999). As in the Grandmont-Kneip approach, we define a notion of behavioral heterogeneity such that if the population is sufficiently heterogeneous, the aggregate budget share function is proved to become insensitive to changes in prices and income. However, in contrast to the aforementioned literature, this insensitivity in the aggregate is not explained by any insensitivity property at the microeconomic level, but rather by a ``balancing effect\'\' : For any commodity, the negative effect on market budget share induced after a change in prices or income by individuals who decrease their budget share is compensated by the existence of individuals who increase their budget share.Aggregation; Behavioral heterogeneity; Large economy; Balancing effect; Insensitivity of maket budget shares to changes in prices and income.

The Tension Between Privacy and Security

A Review of President’s Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies, Liberty and Security in a Changing World, 2013 and United Nations Office of the High Commissioner, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Privacy, Joseph A. Cannataci, 2016

Behavioral Heterogeneity in Large Economies

Grandmont\'s ([14]) notion of behavioral heterogeneity is reformulated in a non parametric set-up such that the space of budget share functions admits a ``uniform\'\' probability distribution. If the population is distributed according to this measure, the aggregate budget share function is constant with respect to changes in prices and income. This exact insensitivity of the market budget share function is known to imply uniqueness and global stability of any competitive equilibrium. Here, it is not explained by any insensitivity property at the micro-economic level, but rather by a perfect \'balancing effect\'. Eventually, it is proved that the insensitivity property holds approximately for a finite population sufficiently close to, but distinct from, the perfectly heterogenous one.Aggregation of demand, behavioral heterogeneity, large economy, Law of Demand, Insensitivity of market budget shares.