Overview of progress in European medium sized tokamaks towards an integrated plasma-edge/wall solution

Integrating the plasma core performance with an edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) that leads to tolerable heat and particle loads on the wall is a major challenge. The new European medium size tokamak task force (EU-MST) coordinates research on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), MAST and TCV. This multi-machine approach within EU-MST, covering a wide parameter range, is instrumental to progress in the field, as ITER and DEMO core/pedestal and SOL parameters are not achievable simultaneously in present day devices. A two prong approach is adopted. On the one hand, scenarios with tolerable transient heat and particle loads, including active edge localised mode (ELM) control are developed. On the other hand, divertor solutions including advanced magnetic configurations are studied. Considerable progress has been made on both approaches, in particular in the fields of: ELM control with resonant magnetic perturbations (RMP), small ELM regimes, detachment onset and control, as well as filamentary scrape-off-layer transport. For example full ELM suppression has now been achieved on AUG at low collisionality with n  =  2 RMP maintaining good confinement ${{H}_{\text{H}\left(98,\text{y}2\right)}}\approx 0.95$ . Advances have been made with respect to detachment onset and control. Studies in advanced divertor configurations (Snowflake, Super-X and X-point target divertor) shed new light on SOL physics. Cross field filamentary transport has been characterised in a wide parameter regime on AUG, MAST and TCV progressing the theoretical and experimental understanding crucial for predicting first wall loads in ITER and DEMO. Conditions in the SOL also play a crucial role for ELM stability and access to small ELM regimes

Wpływ kwasu naftenowego (NAS) na reakcję jabłoni ‘Golden Delicious’ i ‘Fuji’ na chemiczne przerzedzanie za pomocą NAA

NAA (α-naphthylacetic acid) thins apple fruits inconsistently regarding fruit set and weight and may cause small or misshapen fruits occurrence. Considering hormonal activity, surfactant properties and the impact of naphthenic acids (NAs) on the metabolism of auxins in plant tissue, it is assumed that thinning response and fruit size could be improved by adding NAs to NAA for chemical thinning of apple. The purpose of the research was to evaluate thinning efficacy of the mixture of NAA and NAs in two commercially grown apple cultivars, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’, known to respond differently to the application of NAA. The following treatments were applied during a three-year period, from 2010 to 2012: 10 mg∙L-1 NAA, 10 mg∙L-1 NAA + 1.56 mg∙L-1 NAs, 20 mg∙L-1 NAA, 20 mg∙L-1 NAA + 3.12 mg∙L-1 NAs and an untreated control. The addition of NAs to NAA did not alter the effectiveness of NAA in reducing fruit set, while it significantly increased fruit weight compared to NAA applied alone in two of three years of the experiment. NAs modulated the effect of NAA on fruit weight of apple cultivar ‘Fuji’ by retarding fruit growth and causing a higher number of small fruits to occur compared to NAA applied alone.NAA (kwas naftylooctowy) nierównomiernie przerzedza owoce jabłoni jeśli chodzi o zawiązki i masę oraz może spowodować małe i źle uformowane owoce. Odnosząc się do działania hormonalnego, właściwości substancji powierzchniowo czynnych oraz wpływu kwasu naftenowego (Nas) na metabolizm auksyn w tkance roślinnej, to zakłada się, że reakcję na przerzedzanie oraz rozmiar można polepszyć poprzez dodanie NAs do NAA do chemicznego przerzedzania jabłek. Celem badania była ocena skuteczności przerzedzania mieszaniny NAA i NAs u dwóch komercyjnie hodowanych odmian jabłoni: ‘Golden Delicious’ oraz ‘Fuji’, o których wiadomo, że reagują różnie na zastosowanie NAA. Zastosowano następujące zabiegi podczas 3-letniego okresu badań (2010– 2012): 10 mg∙L-1 NAA, 10 mg∙L-1 NAA + 1,56 mg∙L-1 NAs, 20 mg∙L-1 NAA, 20 mg∙L-1 NAA + 3,12 mg∙L-1 NAs oraz kontrola bez zabiegów. Dodatek NAs do NAA nie zmienił skuteczności NAA w zmniejszaniu zawiązków, natomiast istotnie zwiększył masę owoców w porównaniu z zastosowaniem samego NAA w dwóch z trzech lat doświadczenia. NAs regulował wpływ NAA na masę owoców odmiany ‘Fuji’ poprzez opóźnianie wzrostu owoców i podwyższenie liczby małych owoców w porównaniu z zastosowaniem samego NAA

Effect of auxins on mechanical injury induced oxidative stress in Prunus sp. Rootstocks

The effect of exogenously applied auxins on oxidative stress was studied in six rootstock selections of Prunus cerasus, P. mahaleb and P. fruticosa aiming at the effect of phytohormones on the level of the lipid peroxidation (LP). Standard rootstock PHL-A was used as a control. Leaves were collected on 0, 1st, 3rd and 7th day of inserting cuttings into the rooting substrate. Auxin mixture consisted of 0.8% α-naphthylacetic acid and 0.5% indolebutyric acid. Differences in intensity of the LP between auxin-treated and -untreated cuttings were examined. Almost all of investigated selections had lower LP intensity after auxin application (11.4-47.2%). The most prominent change was in leaves of PHL-A (49.2%). LP-lowering effect were recorded in leaves of P. fruticosa (56.9%) on 7th day and in P. mahaleb on 1st and 3rd day (5.9, 5.8%). Intensity of LP could be used as one of the biochemical parameters in further rootstock selection and production

Controlling premature fruit drop of cultivar Idared by using α-naphthaleneacetic acid

Fruit drop before reaching technological maturity is one of the core problems in the apple industry. The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of the chemicals VBC 30033 based on aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and Dirager based on α-naphtalenacetic acid on the prevention of fruit drop of apple cultivar Idared, as affected by the time of application, the number of applications and the concentration. The research was conducted from 2009 to 2011 at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture in Novi Sad. The special focus was placed on the double and triple applications of NAA which were considered the most effective in preventing fruit drop. The triple application of NAA 5 ppm and NAA 10 ppm showed equal effectiveness, therefore the treatment NAA 5 ppm is recommended due to the reduced use of the chemical