Source code analysis extractive approach to generate textual summary

Nowadays, obtain program features becomes a hot issue in source code comprehension. A large amount of efforts spent on source code understanding and comprehension to develop or maintain it. As a matter of fact, developers need a solution to rapidly detect which program functional need to revise. Hence, many studies in this field are concentrating on text mining techniques to take out the data by source code analysis and generate a code summary. However, in this paper, we attempt to overcome this problem by propose a new approach (Abstract Syntax Tree with predefined natural language text Template (AST-W-PDT)) to generates human readable summaries for Java methods role. This paper describes how we developed a tool that the java source code can be summarized from the methods role. In evaluating our approach, we found that the automatically generated summary from a java class 1) is helpful to the developers in order to understand the role of the methods and will be useful, and 2) the automatically generated summary is precise

Energy consumption patterns of mobile applications in android platform: a systematic literature review

Studies related to resource consumption of mobile devices and mobile applications have been brought to the fore lately as mobile applications depend largely on their resource consumption. The study aims to identify the key factors and holistic understanding of how a factor influences Consumption Pattern (CP) effectiveness for an android platform mobile application. The study presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on existing studies that examined factors influencing the effectiveness of CP for android mobile application and measured the effectiveness of CP. Therefore, the current SLR is conducted to answer the following questions: (1) What is the evidence of CP factors that drain the battery of a mobile device? (2) What are the energy conservation techniques to overcome all the factors that drain battery life? and (3) How can developers measure the effectiveness of an energy conservation technique?. The SLR investigated factors affecting the effectiveness of CP for android platform mobile application. The analyses of forty papers were used in our synthesis of the evidence related to the research questions above. Therefore, the analyses showed 22 studies that investigated how to measure the energy conservation technique effectiveness while 18 studies focused on better understanding of how the resources of mobile devices are actually spent. In this sense, 2 studies show the effectiveness of early analysis of software application design. Additionally, five factors i.e., architecture, interface, behavior of the application, resources, and network technologies that affect CP effectiveness were identified. This study investigated a SLR targeting at studies of CP effectiveness in android platform. The total of 40 studies were identified and selected for result synthesis purpose in this work (SLR). The evidences show there are five factors affecting the CP’s effectiveness. Three of them have received a little attention among developers regarding choosing the most suitable: software architecture, application interface and behavior of the application in terms of resource consumption

Mapping and analysis of Open Source Software (OSS) usability for sustainable OSS product

The increase in the number of open source software (OSS) users have drawn attention to improving usability. Usability is a clear concept that encompassing both task and user characteristics as well as functionality. Usability is an essential factor that affects user acceptance and OSS sustainability, which is considered as the key to the success of the OSS. To some extent, usability is one concern of the larger issue of system acceptability and sustainability. Therefore, usability is an important factor that needs to be considered since the software that is not usable is not going to be sustainable. The objective of this paper is to review researchers' efforts to improve, investigate, and evaluate the usability factor that may affect the OSS acceptability and sustainability and map the research scenery from the articles into a comprehensible structured taxonomy, which would help the researchers to identify different research gaps of this field. A survey of the usability in OSS conducted and 6033 studies identified by a search in four scholarly databases using a query that includes the keywords (usability or learnability or efficiency or satisfaction) and (open source software or OSS). A total of 46 studies are selected. By manually searching in ACM, Springer, and Google Scholar five other studies identified, and thus a total of 51 studies were the final set that includes in this paper. Based on research topics, a taxonomy created and divided into four principal categories which improve OSS usability, analyze OSS usability, evaluate OSS usability, and select and adopt OSS. A comprehensive overview and synthesis of these categories are presented as well. This paper contributes to identifying the possible opportunities and gaps for enabling the participation of interested researchers in this research area. And give possibilities for extending the use of usability research and practices to create more sustainable software. Also, helps in selecting suitable OSS among the alternatives

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Multi-perspective usability evaluation with multi-criteria decision analysis for optimal selection of open-source software

Increasing demand for open-source software (OSS) has raised the neat of efficient selection in terms of quality; usability is an essential quality factor that significantly affects system acceptability and sustainability. Most comprehensive and complex software packages are partitioned across multiple portals and involve many users — each with their own role in the software package. Those users have different perspectives on the software package defined by their knowledge, responsibilities and commitments. Thus, a multi-perspective approach has been used in usability evaluation to overcome the challenge of inconsistency between users’ perspectives, which would lead to an ill-advised decision on the selection of a suitable OSS. This research aims to assist public and private organisations in evaluating and selecting the most-suitable OSS. The selection of the best OSS based on usability evaluation criteria is a challenging task owing to (a) multiple evaluation criteria, (b) criteria importance, and (c) data variation. Thus, it is considered a sophisticated multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem. A generally accepted multi-perspective usability evaluation method for the selection of OSS is unavailable in the existing literature. Hence, this research proposes a methodology for multi-perspective usability evaluation with multi-criteria decision analysis for optimal selection of open-source software. Integration of the best-worst method (BWM) and VIKOR MCDM techniques have been used for weighting and ranking OSS alternatives. BWM is utilised for weighting of evaluation criteria, whereas VIKOR is applied to rank OSS-LMS alternatives. Individual and group decision-making contexts and the internal and external groups’ aggregation were used to demonstrate the proposed methodology's efficiency. A well-organised algorithmic procedure is presented in detail, and a case study was examined to illustrate the validity and feasibility of the proposed methodology. The results demonstrated that the proposed methodology works effectively to solve the OSS selection problem. Furthermore, the ranks of OSS software packages obtained from the VIKOR internal and external group decision making are similar; the best OSS-LMS based on the two ways was ‘Moodle’. Among the groups' scores in the objective validation, significant differences were identified, indicating that the ranking results of internal and external VIKOR group decision making were valid, thus validating the proposed methodology

Source code analysis extractive approach to generate textual summary

Nowadays, obtain program features becomes a hot issue in source code comprehension. A large amount of efforts spent on source code understanding and comprehension to develop or maintain it. As a matter of fact, developers need a solution to rapidly detect which program functional need to revise. Hence, many studies in this field are concentrating on text mining techniques to take out the data by source code analysis and generate a code summary. However, in this thesis, we attempt to overcome this problem by propose a novel approach (Abstract Syntax Tree with predefined natural language text Template (AST-W-PDT)) to generates human readable summaries for Java methods role. The thesis describes how we developed a tool that the java source code can be summarized from the methods role. In evaluating our approach, we found that the automatically generated summary from a java class 1) is helpful to the developers in order to understand the role of the methods and will be useful, and 2) the automatically generated summary is precise

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children : an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45 center dot 1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34 center dot 2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20 center dot 6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12 center dot 8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24 center dot 7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.Peer reviewe

Exploring the cost-effectiveness of high versus low perioperative fraction of inspired oxygen in the prevention of surgical site infections among abdominal surgery patients in three low- and middle-income countries

Background: This study assessed the potential cost-effectiveness of high (80–100%) vs low (21–35%) fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) at preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) after abdominal surgery in Nigeria, India, and South Africa. Methods: Decision-analytic models were constructed using best available evidence sourced from unbundled data of an ongoing pilot trial assessing the effectiveness of high FiO2, published literature, and a cost survey in Nigeria, India, and South Africa. Effectiveness was measured as percentage of SSIs at 30 days after surgery, a healthcare perspective was adopted, and costs were reported in US dollars ($). Results: High FiO2 may be cost-effective (cheaper and effective). In Nigeria, the average cost for high FiO2 was$216 compared with $222 for low FiO2 leading to a −$6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −$13 to −$1) difference in costs. In India, the average cost for high FiO2 was $184 compared with$195 for low FiO2 leading to a −$11 (95$15 to −$6) difference in costs. In South Africa, the average cost for high FiO2 was$1164 compared with $1257 for low FiO2 leading to a −$93 (95% CI: −$132 to −$65) difference in costs. The high FiO2 arm had few SSIs, 7.33% compared with 8.38% for low FiO2, leading to a −1.05 (95% CI: −1.14 to −0.90) percentage point reduction in SSIs. Conclusion: High FiO2 could be cost-effective at preventing SSIs in the three countries but further data from large clinical trials are required to confirm this