Modeling Analysis of Primary Controls on Net Ecosystem Productivity of Seven Boreal and Temperate Coniferous Forests Across a Continental Transect

Process-based models are effective tools to synthesize and/or extrapolate measured carbon (C) exchanges from individual sites to large scales. In this study, we used a C- and nitrogen (N)-cycle coupled ecosystem model named CN-CLASS (Carbon Nitrogen-Canadian Land Surface Scheme) to study the role of primary climatic controls and site-specific C stocks on the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of seven intermediate-aged to mature coniferous forest sites across an east–west continental transect in Canada. The model was parameterized using a common set of parameters, except for two used in empirical canopy conductance–assimilation, and leaf area–sapwood relationships, and then validated using observed eddy covariance flux data. Leaf Rubisco-N dynamics that are associated with soil–plant N cycling, and depend on canopy temperature, enabled the model to simulate site-specific gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) reasonably well for all seven sites. Overall GEP simulations had relatively smaller differences compared with observations vs. ecosystem respiration (RE), which was the sum of many plant and soil components with larger variability and/or uncertainty associated with them. Both observed and simulated data showed that, on an annual basis, boreal forest sites were either carbon-neutral or a weak C sink, ranging from 30 to 180 g C m−2 yr−1; while temperate forests were either a medium or strong C sink, ranging from 150 to 500 g C m−2 yr−1, depending on forest age and climatic regime. Model sensitivity tests illustrated that air temperature, among climate variables, and aboveground biomass, among major C stocks, were dominant factors impacting annual NEP. Vegetation biomass effects on annual GEP, RE and NEP showed similar patterns of variability at four boreal and three temperate forests. Air temperature showed different impacts on GEP and RE, and the response varied considerably from site to site. Higher solar radiation enhanced GEP, while precipitation differences had a minor effect. Magnitude of forest litter content and soil organic matter (SOM) affected RE. SOM also affected GEP, but only at low levels of SOM, because of low N mineralization that limited soil nutrient (N) availability. The results of this study will help to evaluate the impact of future climatic changes and/or forest C stock variations on C uptake and loss in forest ecosystems growing in diverse environments.Earth and Planetary Science

The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible.Peer reviewe

Feminicidio: Mujeres que Mueren por Violencia Intrafamiliar en Colombia: Estudio de Casos en cinco Ciudades del País

Para Profamilia ha sido una preocupación constante el tema de las violencias de género y la forma en que éstas afectan a las mujeres y a los hombres. Es un hecho apreciado institucionalmente que las mujeres tienen un nivel de reconocimiento de derechos inferior a los hombres. Esta inequidad se revela de múltiples formas: mayor índice de desempleo, mayor Impacto en los incrementos de población, mayores niveles de pobreza, remuneración menor en los puestos de trabajo, imposibilidad de tomar decisiones sobre sus cuerpos en temas como esterilización definitiva y, en general, una serie de situaciones que las hacen más propensas a que sus derechos sean vulnerados. Pese a lo anterior, el marco general de los Derechos Sexuales y los Derechos Reproductivos se analizan y promueven con perspectiva de género y por eso en la institución hay servicios diferenciados y especializados para mujeres y hombres. La Violencia Basada en Género - VBG - es un asunto de hombres y de mujeres, y afecta directamente tanto a unos como a otras. El género, entendido como una construcción cultural acerca de lo que le corresponde hacer y de cómo le corresponde actuar a las personas dependiendo de su sexo biológico, causa inequidades debido a que impone la asunción de roles, es decir de actividades, comportamientos y actitudes que se supone debemos realizar según si somos hombres o si somos mujeres. La perspectiva de género, entendida como la visión teórica que permite analizar las relaciones entre hombres y mujeres a partir de las diferencias culturales que se les han asignado a cada uno/a, debe ser un elemento esencial para el análisis de interpretación de las situaciones de violencia y de criterio desde el Estado para la intervención de estas problemáticas. Una mirada a estas situaciones que no sea sistémica, que no aborde lo social, lo económico, lo político y lo cultural, desconoce muchas diferencias en el punto de partida del reconocimiento de derechos y si esta perspectiva es desconocida en la formulación o interpretación de la ley causa desigualdades e inequidades aun más graves que las que trata de solucionar. Cuando se inició esta investigación se hizo una aproximación al concepto ginocidio entendido como la muerte de mujeres, pero al avanzar los análisis, se hizo evidente que se trataba de un error de base abordar como antónimos proporcionales el homicidio y la muerte de mujeres por causas o en circunstancias directamente basadas en el género, más aún en las circunstancias especiales que reviste la violencia intrafamiliar, que implica largos períodos de violencias y vejaciones antes de la muerte

Greenness indices from digital cameras predict the timing and seasonal dynamics of canopy-scale photosynthesis.

The proliferation of digital cameras co-located with eddy covariance instrumentation provides new opportunities to better understand the relationship between canopy phenology and the seasonality of canopy photosynthesis. In this paper we analyze the abilities and limitations of canopy color metrics measured by digital repeat photography to track seasonal canopy development and photosynthesis, determine phenological transition dates, and estimate intra-annual and interannual variability in canopy photosynthesis. We used 59 site-years of camera imagery and net ecosystem exchange measurements from 17 towers spanning three plant functional types (deciduous broadleaf forest, evergreen needleleaf forest, and grassland/crops) to derive color indices and estimate gross primary productivity (GPP). GPP was strongly correlated with greenness derived from camera imagery in all three plant functional types. Specifically, the beginning of the photosynthetic period in deciduous broadleaf forest and grassland/crops and the end of the photosynthetic period in grassland/crops were both correlated with changes in greenness; changes in redness were correlated with the end of the photosynthetic period in deciduous broadleaf forest. However, it was not possible to accurately identify the beginning or ending of the photosynthetic period using camera greenness in evergreen needleleaf forest. At deciduous broadleaf sites, anomalies in integrated greenness and total GPP were significantly correlated up to 60 days after the mean onset date for the start of spring. More generally, results from this work demonstrate that digital repeat photography can be used to quantify both the duration of the photosynthetically active period as well as total GPP in deciduous broadleaf forest and grassland/crops, but that new and different approaches are required before comparable results can be achieved in evergreen needleleaf forest

Appendix C. Scatter plots of daily GPP vs. GCC for all deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF) evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF) and grassland (GRS) sites, listed by plant functional type.

Scatter plots of daily GPP vs. GCC for all deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF) evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF) and grassland (GRS) sites, listed by plant functional type

Appendix B. Time series of daily gross primary productivity (GPP) and green chromatic coordinate (GCC) for all deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF) evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF) and grassland (GRS) sites, listed by plant functional type.

Time series of daily gross primary productivity (GPP) and green chromatic coordinate (GCC) for all deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF) evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF) and grassland (GRS) sites, listed by plant functional type

The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data.

The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible