Caesalpinia spinosa: EFECTO PROTECTOR FRENTE A RADIACIÓN UV EN LA LIPOPEROXIDACIÓN HEPÁTICA EN RATAS Y DETECCIÓN DE FITOCONSTITUYENTES

RESUMENLa “tara” es una planta originaria del Perú y que actualmente tiene gran demanda a nivel industrial por sus productos derivados como los taninos y el hidrocoloide. El Perú cuenta con numerosas regiones donde se cultiva este fitorecurso, y en muchas no se ha realizado trabajos bioquímicos ni genéticos que permita caracterizar dichas poblaciones. En el presente trabajo se reporta la presencia de metabolitos secundarios, así como la capacidad protectora de vainas de Caesalpinia spinosa (“tara”) procedentes de tres poblaciones naturales provenientes de la Provincia de Tarma (Departamento de Junín, Perú) frente a radiación UV en la lipoperoxidación hepática en ratas. Los metabolitos secundarios encontrados en diferentes cantidades fueron fenoles y taninos (+++). Para determinar el efecto protector frente al daño oxidativo causado por radiación UV, se utilizó extracto acuoso de vainas de “tara” a partir de una concentración de 50 ug/ml, en la reacción del ácido tiobarbitúrico midiendo la formación del malonaldehído (MDA), se encontró una protección a nivel de tejido hepático en ratas por parte del extracto de “tara”, incluso mayor que la vitamina C utilizado como estándar. Estos resultados podrían aprovecharse para incrementar el valor agregado de este recurso, así como colaborar en la caracterización bioquímica del mismo.Palabras claves: Caesalpinia, tara, metabolitos, MDA, lipoperoxidación.ABSTRACTThe "tara" is a native plant from Peru, and currently it has a great industry demand for its products like tannins and hydrocolloid. Peru has numerous regions where this phyto resource is been cultivated. The results of this evaluation show the presence of secondary metabolites, and the protective effect of Caesalpinia spinosa (“tara”) pods from three natural populations at Tarma province (Department of Junin, Peru) against UV radiation inside the liver lipoperoxidation tested in rats. The results show secondary metabolites in different amounts like phenols and tannins (+++). To determined the protective effect against oxidative damage caused by UV radiation, we used aqueous extract of “tara” pods with a concentration of 50 ug/ml, inside of thiobarbituric acid reaction by measuring the formation of malonaldehyde (MDA). Also the results show protection of C. spinosa inside the liver tissue tested in rats that was greater than the vitamin C used as standard. These results could be used to increase more scientific value of this Peruvian natural resource,Keywords: Caesalpinia, tara, metabolites, MDA, lipoperoxidation

Global Disruption of α2A Adrenoceptor Barely Affects Bone Tissue but Minimizes the Detrimental Effects of Thyrotoxicosis on Cortical Bone

Evidence shows that sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation inhibits bone formation and activates bone resorption leading to bone loss. Because thyroid hormone (TH) interacts with the SNS to control several physiological processes, we raised the hypothesis that this interaction also controls bone remodeling. We have previously shown that mice with double-gene inactivation of α2A- and -adrenoceptors (α2A/2C-AR−/−) present high bone mass (HBM) phenotype and resistance to thyrotoxicosis-induced osteopenia, which supports a TH-SNS interaction to control bone mass and suggests that it involves α2-AR signaling. Accordingly, we detected expression of α2A-AR, α2B-AR and α2C-AR in the skeleton, and that triiodothyronine (T3) modulates α2C-AR mRNA expression in the bone. Later, we found that mice with single-gene inactivation of α2C-AR (α2C-AR−/−) present low bone mass in the femur and HBM in the vertebra, but that both skeletal sites are resistant to TH-induce osteopenia, showing that the SNS actions occur in a skeletal site-dependent manner, and that thyrotoxicosis depends on α2C-AR signaling to promote bone loss. To further dissect the specific roles of α2-AR subtypes, in this study, we evaluated the skeletal phenotype of mice with single-gene inactivation of α2A-AR (α2A-AR−/−), and the effect of daily treatment with a supraphysiological dose of T3, for 4 or 12 weeks, on bone microarchitecture and bone resistance to fracture. Micro-computed tomographic (μCT) analysis revealed normal trabecular and cortical bone structure in the femur and vertebra of euthyroid α2A-AR−/− mice. Thyrotoxicosis was more detrimental to femoral trabecular bone in α2A-AR−/− than in WT mice, whereas this bone compartment had been previously shown to present resistance to thyrotoxicosis in α2C-AR−/− mice. Altogether these findings reveal that TH excess depends on α2C-AR signaling to negatively affect femoral trabecular bone. In contrast, thyrotoxicosis was more deleterious to femoral and vertebral cortical bone in WT than in α2A-AR−/− mice, suggesting that α2A-AR signaling contributes to TH actions on cortical bone. These findings further support a TH-SNS interaction to control bone physiology, and suggest that α2A-AR and α2C-AR signaling pathways have key roles in the mechanisms through which thyrotoxicosis promotes its detrimental effects on bone remodeling, structure and resistance to fracture

Capacidad antioxidante de poblaciones silvestres de “tara” (Caesalpinia spinosa) de las localidades de Picoy y Santa Fe (Provincia de Tarma, departamento de Junín)

Peru is the main supplier of "tara ", because our country has a variety of climates and soil types, by allowing the crop during most of the year. Junín department has natural populations of "tara" who have not yet been characterized biochemical or genetically, which could be harnessed for the benefit of local communities. In this work we report the antioxidant capacity of "tara" from the localities of Picoy and Santa Fe, both located in Tarma, Junin. We used the technique of DPPH and ABTS to evaluate the antioxidant capacity for the determination of phenols and flavonoids were used Folin-Ciocalteau reagent according to the technique of Singleton. Picoy sample reported a higher amount of phenols being of 563.70 mg/g dry extract, while the amount of flavonoids was 0.664 mg/g. The antioxidant capacity showed a better response in the sample of Picoy, reporting through a DPPH IC50 1.244 mg/ml and 35.3% ABTS inhibition. These data could be used to increase the added value and improve the supply of this resource in this area due to better antioxidantl characteristics.El Perú es el principal abastecedor de “tara”, gracias a que nuestro país posee una gran variedad de climas y tipos de suelos, haciendo posible la obtención de este cultivo durante la mayor parte del año. El departamento de Junín cuenta con poblaciones naturales de “tara” que aun no han sido caracterizadas bioquímica ni genéticamente, que podrían aprovecharse en beneficio de las comunidades locales. En este trabajo se reporta la capacidad antioxidante de “tara” provenientes de las localidades de Picoy y Santa Fe, ambas ubicadas en Tarma, Junín. Se utilizó la técnica del DPPH y del ABTS para valorar la capacidad antioxidante; para la determinación de fenoles y flavonoides se utilizó el reactivo de Folin-Ciocalteau según la técnica de Singleton. La muestra de Picoy reportó mayor cantidad de fenoles siendo de 563.70 mg/g de extracto seco, mientras que la cantidad de flavonoides fue de 0.664 mg/g. La capacidad antioxidante mostro una mejor respuesta en la muestra de Picoy, reportándose mediante el DPPH un IC50 1.244 mg/ml y con el ABTS un 35.3% de inhibición. Estos datos podrían aprovecharse para incrementar el valor agregado y mejorar la oferta de este recurso en dicha localidad debido a sus mejores características antioxidantes

Agente conversacional inteligente como herramienta de ayuda al proceso de atención al aspirante de las carreras de la Facultad de Tecnología y Ciencias Aplicadas (FTyCA) de la Universidad Nacional de Catamarca (UNCa)

La Inteligencia Artificial (IA) es la simulación de la inteligencia humana por parte de una máquina que le permite solucionar problemas similares a como lo realiza un ser humano. Una de las principales áreas en donde se aplica la IA es en el desarrollo de bots conversacionales o chatbots, los cuales son sistemas inteligentes que se utilizan para simular una conversación con una persona utilizando un lenguaje natural ya sea hablado o escrito. Los bots conversacionales tienen la capacidad de retener información para ser utilizada en otro momento de la conversación. Un bot conversacional es un software que puede imitar una conversación con una persona utilizando un lenguaje natural. Una de las principales dudas de todo interesado a iniciar el cursado de una carrera es conocer los requisitos para inscribirse. Obtener esta información puede consumirle un tiempo significativo al interesado como a los encargados de la atención al público de proporcionarle esta información. Este proyecto, tiene por finalidad desarrollar un prototipo de agente conversacional inteligente como herramienta de ayuda al proceso de atención al aspirante de las carreras de la Facultad de Tecnología y Ciencias Aplicadas (FTyCA) de la Universidad Nacional de Catamarca (UNCa).Eje: Agentes y Sistemas Inteligentes.Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informátic

Impact of common cardio-metabolic risk factors on fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease in Latin America and the Caribbean: An individual-level pooled analysis of 31 cohort studies

Background: Estimates of the burden of cardio-metabolic risk factors in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) rely on relative risks (RRs) from non-LAC countries. Whether these RRs apply to LAC remains unknown. Methods: We pooled LAC cohorts. We estimated RRs per unit of exposure to body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC) and non-HDL cholesterol on fatal (31 cohorts, n=168,287) and non-fatal (13 cohorts, n=27,554) cardiovascular diseases, adjusting for regression dilution bias. We used these RRs and national data on mean risk factor levels to estimate the number of cardiovascular deaths attributable to non-optimal levels of each risk factor. Results: Our RRs for SBP, FPG and TC were like those observed in cohorts conducted in high-income countries; however, for BMI, our RRs were consistently smaller in people below 75 years of age. Across risk factors, we observed smaller RRs among older ages. Non-optimal SBP was responsible for the largest number of attributable cardiovascular deaths ranging from 38 per 100,000 women and 54 men in Peru, to 261 (Dominica, women) and 282 (Guyana, men). For non-HDL cholesterol, the lowest attributable rate was for women in Peru (21) and men in Guatemala (25), and the largest in men (158) and women (142) from Guyana. Interpretation: RRs for BMI from studies conducted in high-income countries may overestimate disease burden metrics in LAC; conversely, RRs for SBP, FPG and TC from LAC cohorts are similar to those estimated from cohorts in high-income countries. Funding: Wellcome Trust (214185/Z/18/Z)Fil: Carrillo Larco, Rodrigo M.. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Stern, Dalia. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica (insp);Fil: Hambleton, Ian R.. The University Of The West Indies; BarbadosFil: Hennis, Anselm. Pan American Health Organization; Estados UnidosFil: Cesare, Mariachiara Di. Middlesex University; Reino UnidoFil: Lotufo, Paulo. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Ferreccio, Catterina. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Irazola, Vilma. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública; Argentina. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Perel, Pablo. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Reino UnidoFil: Gregg, Edward W. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Miranda, J. Jaime. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; PerúFil: Ezzati, Majid. Imperial College London; Reino UnidoFil: Danaei, Goodarz. Harvard Medical School; Estados UnidosFil: Aguilar Salinas, Carlos A.. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; MéxicoFil: Alvarez Váz, Ramón. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Amadio, Marselle B.. Centro Universitario Senac Santo Amaro; BrasilFil: Baccino, Cecilia. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Bambs, Claudia. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Bastos, João Luiz. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Beckles, Gloria. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Estados UnidosFil: Bernabe Ortiz, Antonio. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; PerúFil: Bernardo, Carla DO. University of Adelaide; AustraliaFil: Bloch, Katia V.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Blümel, Juan E.. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Boggia, Jose G.. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Borges, Pollyanna K.. Universidade Estadual do Ponta Grossa; BrasilFil: Bravo, Miguel. MELISA Institute; ChileFil: Brenes Camacho, Gilbert. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Carbajal, Horacio A.. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Castillo Rascón, María Susana. Universidad Nacional de Misiones; Argentin

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Gamma-ray and radio properties of six pulsars detected by the fermi large area telescope

We report the detection of pulsed γ-rays for PSRs J0631+1036, J0659+1414, J0742-2822, J1420-6048, J1509-5850, and J1718-3825 using the Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (formerly known as GLAST). Although these six pulsars are diverse in terms of their spin parameters, they share an important feature: their γ-ray light curves are (at least given the current count statistics) single peaked. For two pulsars, there are hints for a double-peaked structure in the light curves. The shapes of the observed light curves of this group of pulsars are discussed in the light of models for which the emission originates from high up in the magnetosphere. The observed phases of the γ-ray light curves are, in general, consistent with those predicted by high-altitude models, although we speculate that the γ-ray emission of PSR J0659+1414, possibly featuring the softest spectrum of all Fermi pulsars coupled with a very low efficiency, arises from relatively low down in the magnetosphere. High-quality radio polarization data are available showing that all but one have a high degree of linear polarization. This allows us to place some constraints on the viewing geometry and aids the comparison of the γ-ray light curves with high-energy beam models

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially