Pomiędzy tradycją a nowatorstwem. Rola postaci kobiecych w świecie przedstawionym eposu Torquata Tassa Gofred abo Jeruzalem wyzwolona (w przekładzie Piotra Kochanowskiego)

The article’s aim is to present the main female characters of the epic poem La Gerusalemme liberata (Jerusalem Delivered) by Torquato Tasso (translation by Piotr Kochanowski), i.e. the witch Armida, the warrior-maiden Clorinda and the princess Erminia. Their behaviour is based on the symbolic, historical and social contexts. The article tries to answer the question concerning the functions women had in Tasso’s poem. The author created female characters in such a way that they became the leading participants of the events and had much more prominent roles to play than expected from women in this kindle of poems. The decisions taken by the heroines influence the course of events

Relation of Hydrologic Processes to Groundwater and Surface-Water Levels and Flow Directions in a Dune-Beach Complex at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and Beverly Shores, Indiana

The potential for high groundwater levels to cause wet basements (groundwater flooding) is of concern to residents of communities in northwestern Indiana. Changes in recharge from precipitation increases during 2006–9, water-level changes from restoration of nearby wetlands in the Great Marsh in 1998–2002, and changes in recharge due to the end of groundwater withdrawals for water supply since 2005 in a community at Beverly Shores, Ind., were suspected as factors in increased groundwater levels in an unconfined surficial aquifer beneath nearby parts of a dune-beach complex. Results of this study indicate that increased recharge from precipitation and snowmelt was the principal cause of raised water levels in the dune-beach complex from 2006 to 2009. Annual precipitation totals in 2006–9 ranged from 43.88 to 55.75 inches per year (in/yr) and were substantially greater than the median 1952–2009 precipitation of 36.35 in/yr. Recharge to groundwater from precipitation in 2006–9 ranged from 13.5 to 22 in/yr; it was higher than the typical 11 in/yr because of large precipitation events and precipitation amounts received during non-growing-season months. An estimated increase in net recharge from reduced groundwater use in Beverly Shores since 2005 ranged from 1.6 in/yr in 2006 to 1.9 in/yr in 2009. Surface-water levels in the wetland were as much as about 1.1 feet higher in 2007–9 (after the 1998–2002 wetland restoration) than during seasonally wet periods in 1979–89. Similar surface-water levels and ponded water were likely during winter and spring wet periods before and after wetland restoration. High water levels similar to those in 2009 were measured elsewhere in the dune-beach complex near a natural wetland during the spring months in 1991 and 1993 after receipt of near record precipitation. Recharge from similarly high precipitation amounts in 2008–9 was also a likely cause of high groundwater levels in other parts of the dune-beach complex, such as at Beverly Shores. Perennial mounding of the water table in the surficial aquifer indicates that the recharge that created the water-table mound originates within the dune-beach complex and not through flow from the adjacent hydrologic boundaries: the restored wetland, Lake Michigan, and Derby Ditch. Infiltrating precipitation causes most seasonal and episodic rises in groundwater levels beneath the dune-beach complex. Groundwater-level fluctuations lasting days to weeks in the dune-beach complex in 2008–9 were superimposed on a seasonal high water-table altitude that began with the recharge from snowmelt and rain in February 2009 and maintained through July 2009. Increases in water-table-mound altitude under the dune-beach complex recurred in 2008–9 in response to the largest rain events of 1 inch or more and to snowmelt. Smaller, shorter-term rises in water level after individual rain events persisted over hours to less than 1 week. Groundwater-level fluctuations varied over a relatively narrow range of about 2 to 3 feet, with no net fluctuations greater than 4 feet. Groundwater levels in or near low parts of the dune-beach complex were frequently within 0 to 6 feet of the land surface and indicate the potential for groundwater flooding. Groundwater-level gradients from the water-table mound to wells next to surface-water discharges increase after rainfall and snowmelt events and recede slowly as groundwater discharges from the aquifer. Evapotranspiration is responsible for part of the general pattern of decreasing water-table altitudes observed from May to August 2009. Rapid water-level rises in the restored wetland after precipitation do not likely have an effect on groundwater flooding elsewhere in the dune-beach complex. Surface-water-level fluctuations during this study generally varied over a narrower range, approximately from 1 to 1.5 feet, as compared with groundwater fluctuations, except after a very large, 10.77-inch rainfall. Time-delayed and smaller groundwater-level rises in wells near the restored wetland indicate a hydraulic delaying effect from the lower hydraulic conductivity of organic deposits in the subsurface near the marsh. Results of a simplified, steady-state cross-sectional model of groundwater flow also indicate that increased recharge from precipitation and snowmelt was the principal cause of raised water levels in the dune-beach complex from 2006 to 2009. Rises in the simulated water-table crest caused by increased recharge from precipitation in 2006–9 ranged from about 2 to 4 feet. A simulated addition of 1.9 in/yr of recharge from the water supply change raised the crest of the water-table mound by about 0.7 foot at about 900 feet from the restored wetland. The simulated groundwater-level change from a wetland water-level increase was generally smaller than that caused by precipitation and water-supply-derived recharge. The effect of a 1.1 foot simulated increase in water level in the restored marsh diminished to about a 0.75 foot groundwater level increase at about 900 feet from the marsh and to about a 0.55 foot groundwater level increase at about 1,500 feet from the marsh. Actual groundwater-level changes from wetland water-level increases would be smaller than simulated values because the organic sediments separating the wetland and the surficial aquifer tend to delay the response of groundwater levels to recharge and surface-water-level changes

Kraft scrap paper pulp as a substitute of wood chips in manufacture of particleboards resinated with hybrid pf/pmdi resin

This study analyzed feasibility of manufacture of composite particleboards resinated with a mixture of phenol–formaldehyde resin and 4,4′-methylenediphenyl isocyanate in the weight ratio 70:30. For this purpose 3-layer particleboards were produced with varying shares of Kraft scrap paper pulp in the core. Experimental boards were manufactured applying 0, 10, 15, 25, 50 and 75% substitution of wood chips with Kraft paper pulp. Analyses were conducted to determine physico-mechanical properties of boards, i.e. bending strength, modulus of elasticity, internal bond before and after the boiling test and swelling in thickness after 24 soaking in water. Based on recorded testing results it was stated that moisture resistant composite boards manufactured with a 25% substitution of wood chips with Kraft paper pulp meet the requirements of the EN 312 standard for boards used in humid conditions in terms of their strength and moisture resistance specified in the internal bond after the boiling test

Air-drying temperature changes the content of the phenolic acids and flavonols in white mulberry (Morus alba l.) leaves

The white mulberry leaves are typically available on the market in dried or encapsulated form. It was assumed in the study that appropriate drying of leaves of the white mulberry is significant for obtaining intermediate products with high content of compounds having anti-oxidative activity. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of the temperature of mulberry leaves air drying on the content of phenolic acids and flavonols. It has been determined that the content of these compounds in the leaves depended on the drying temperature. Drying at 60 \ub0C favored release of phenolic acids and flavonols from complexes and/or formation of new compounds. Their total content was 22% higher than in leaves dried at 30 \ub0C. Drying at 90 \ub0C reduced the phenolic acid and flavonol content by 24%. The most favorable drying temperature was 60 \ub0C

KÄRLEKSLJUSET - When children meet light

Small children are fascinated by light and like to play with it. As lighting designers weshould be aware of this natural enthusiasm and take advantage of it. Introducing thechildren to light carefully and providing them with lighting design that meets them, wehave the chance to advance the children´s interest so that it can develop to a highsensitivity to light until adulthood.In my thesis I present the light project that took place in many Swedish kindergartensin the past few years and that was started to introduce the children to light. I approachedthe topic by researching about the pedagogy the project is based on andanalizing the activities that it contains. By a vivid dialog with the kindergartenteachers, my own observation of the children and the study of documentation materialfrom the kindergarten I got to know about the children´s relation and approach tolight. Using this knowledge I was able to define some important factors to followdesigning light for children. One of those factors is the aim to offer an open, flexibleand variable lighting solution creating an environment that encourages the children tocontrol and to adjust the lighting. Another factor is the ambition to make lighting designthat encourages the children to find the perfect lighting situation on their own.Furthermore should the kindergarten be a place, where it is allowed to play with lightand where light plays a major part in the children's daily routines

Pèlerinages médiévaux aux reliques de sainte Marie-Madeleine dans Liber miraculorum beatae Marie Magdalene de Jean Gobi l'Ancien

Sainte Marie-Madeleine, une femme riche trop concentrée sur les affaires du monde, une pécheresse convertie qui avait reçu des grâces exceptionnelles de Dieu, est devenue un espoir pour les pécheurs faisant des pèlerinages à Saint-Maximin où son corps a été découvert. Selon une légende française du IXesiècle, après l’Ascension de Jésus-Christ, Marie-Madeleine, accompagnée de sa sœur Marthe et de son frère Lazare est arrivée à Marseille où elle a contribué à la christianisation du sud de la Fr..