Literatur der Archäologie: Materialität und Rhetorik im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert

Seit der Einführung des Konzepts einer »Archäologie des Wissens« ist wiederholt versucht worden, den Begriff der Archäologie für eine allgemeine Kulturtheorie zu funktionalisieren. Umfangreich erschienen in der Folge die Archäologien, als deren Gegenstände nicht einmal mehr die Gegenwart oder die Zukunft undenkbar sind. Daneben musste sich, wie alle Kulturwissenschaften, das institutionelle Fach Archäologie mit dem prägenden Einfluss sprachlicher Bedingungen auf die Gewinnung von Erkenntnissen auseinandersetzen. Dies verweist auf eine zentrale Problematik, die eng an der Kombination von Archäologie und Germanistik in der konzeptionellen Gestaltung des Forschungskollegs Morphomata orientiert ist, nämlich das wechselseitige Verhältnis visuell wahrgenommener und literarisch vermittelter Form sowie ihre Bezüge zu einer ihnen zugrunde liegenden Vorstellung. Der vorliegende Sammelband will über Fallbeispiele aus den Blickwinkeln der Fachdisziplinen der Archäologie und der Literaturwissenschaften Veränderungen und Persistenzen in der Erschließung von Antike deutlich machen. Im Zentrum der Beiträge stehen erstens die Verwendung des Begriffs »Archäologie« außerhalb des aus heutiger Sicht dafür charakteristischen Feldes der Ausgrabung und deutenden Erfassung überlieferter materialer Fundstücke, zweitens die dichterische Darstellung archäologischer Tätigkeit im modernen Sinne der sich ausbildenden Fachdisziplin und drittens Literatur als Medium der Formulierung und Systematisierung generierter Wissensbestände bzw. intersubjektiver Diskursivität der Archäologie

A concepção de um projeto de observatório de qualidade de vida: relato de uma experiência realizada em Campinas - SP

Given the assumption that the construction of a Healthy City demands a joint effort of all its inhabitants and that this is possible from a scientific basis the authors of the text present the experience of the Campinas Quality of Life Observatory Project that aims at the design of a quality of life index instrument. The phases described are the first intersectorial mobilization, conceptualization and localization of administrative and planning areas with special basis for the urbanistic project to be developed by future regional scope administrations. Second, the construction of the quality of life index itself from the 1991 demographic database and next discussions and recommendations. Such exercise has laid the bases for the consolidation of an efficient and feasible tool of continuous monitoring of an intersectorial process of quality of life betterment such as the one proposed by WHO for Healthy Cities.Partindo do pressuposto que a construção de uma Cidade Saudável exige esforços de todos seus moradores e que para que isto possa ser realizado a partir de bases científicas, os autores deste artigo apresentam a experiência do Projeto Observatório de Qualidade de Vida de Campinas com vistas à construção de um instrumento, indicador de qualidade de vida. As fases descritas foram as seguintes: mobilização intersetorial; conceituação e localização de áreas administrativas a áreas de planejametno com bases espaciais para o projeto urbanístico a ser realizado por futuras secretarias de ação regionais; construção do indicador de qualidade de vida propriamente dito a partir das bases de dados demográficos de 1991; discussões e recomendações. Tal exercício lançou bases para a consolidação de um instrumetal eficiente e factível de monitoramento contínuo de um processo intersetorial de melhoria de qualidade de vida, tal qual propõe a OMS para Cidades Saudáveis

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

New filovirus disease classification and nomenclature.

The recent large outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Western Africa resulted in greatly increased accumulation of human genotypic, phenotypic and clinical data, and improved our understanding of the spectrum of clinical manifestations. As a result, the WHO disease classification of EVD underwent major revision

Tuning spin injection efficiency through molecular design of organic semiconductors

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

A concepção de um projeto de observatório de qualidade de vida: relato de uma experiência realizada em Campinas - SP

Partindo do pressuposto que a construção de uma Cidade Saudável exige esforços de todos seus moradores e que para que isto possa ser realizado a partir de bases científicas, os autores deste artigo apresentam a experiência do Projeto Observatório de Qualidade de Vida de Campinas com vistas à construção de um instrumento, indicador de qualidade de vida. As fases descritas foram as seguintes: mobilização intersetorial; conceituação e localização de áreas administrativas a áreas de planejametno com bases espaciais para o projeto urbanístico a ser realizado por futuras secretarias de ação regionais; construção do indicador de qualidade de vida propriamente dito a partir das bases de dados demográficos de 1991; discussões e recomendações. Tal exercício lançou bases para a consolidação de um instrumetal eficiente e factível de monitoramento contínuo de um processo intersetorial de melhoria de qualidade de vida, tal qual propõe a OMS para Cidades Saudáveis.<br>Given the assumption that the construction of a Healthy City demands a joint effort of all its inhabitants and that this is possible from a scientific basis the authors of the text present the experience of the Campinas Quality of Life Observatory Project that aims at the design of a quality of life index instrument. The phases described are the first intersectorial mobilization, conceptualization and localization of administrative and planning areas with special basis for the urbanistic project to be developed by future regional scope administrations. Second, the construction of the quality of life index itself from the 1991 demographic database and next discussions and recommendations. Such exercise has laid the bases for the consolidation of an efficient and feasible tool of continuous monitoring of an intersectorial process of quality of life betterment such as the one proposed by WHO for Healthy Cities

Surfactants from itaconic acidToxicity to HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro, micellar solubilization, and skin permeation enhancement of hydrocortisone

One of the most widely used approaches for improving drug permeation across the stratum corneum barrier of the skin is the use of chemical penetration enhancers, such as surfactants. In this study, two anionic surfactants, named C12-OPK and C18-OPK, were synthesized via condensation of itaconic acid and fatty amines, with C12 and C18 alkyl chains, respectively. Assessment of impacts on HaCaT keratinocyte cell viability was used as indicator of their potential to cause skin irritation 24&nbsp;h post exposure (Alamar Blue assay). The LC50 values of C12-OPK and C18-OPK (144 and 85&nbsp;mg/L, respectively) were lower than LC50 values of the most used commercial surfactants (e.g. SDS). The effect of different surfactant concentrations (up to ten times the critical micellar concentration, CMC) on hydrocortisone (HC) solubility and permeation through porcine skin was also evaluated. Results showed that drug solubility increased linearly with increasing concentrations of both surfactants, as a consequence of the association between drug and micelles. In vitro permeation results showed that the permeability coefficient increased at surfactant concentrations lower than the CMC. In particular, a higher enhancement effect on drug permeation was obtained with C18-OPK, due to its hydrophobic properties that ensured a more effective HC permeation in comparison to C12-OPK

Tuning Spin Current Injection at Ferromagnet-Nonmagnet Interfaces by Molecular Design

There is a growing interest in utilizing the distinctive material properties of organic semiconductors for spintronic applications. Here, we explore the injection of pure spin current from Permalloy into a small molecule system based on dinaphtho[2,3-b:2,3-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DNTT) at ferromagnetic resonance. The unique tunability of organic materials by molecular design allows us to study the impact of interfacial properties on the spin injection efficiency systematically. We show that both the spin injection efficiency at the interface and the spin diffusion length can be tuned sensitively by the interfacial molecular structure and side chain substitution of the molecule.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe