Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

A Techno-Economic Analysis of the Electric Vehicle Transition: politique, infrastructure, usages et conception

Since road transport accounts for a high share of global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, Electric Vehicles (EVs), including Battery EVs (BEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid EVs (PHEVs), offer a promising alternative to replace fossil-fuel dependent Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs), with a low-or zero-emission transport solution. While this technology's adoption has been rapidly increasing over the last decade, its market share remains restrained by socio-techno-economic barriers in most countries. Overcoming these barriers is an essential step into a massive purchasing activity of electric vehicles. This dissertation aims at investigating innovative business models by examining the transactions within the members of the EV ecosystem. This dissertation deals with future and multidisciplinary research in economics, management, and engineering sciences on decarbonised car systems' future. First, this thesis addresses the main charging infrastructure deployment barrier by presenting a literature review about the deployment methodologies and pointing out the neglected set of parameters that present our research gaps. Second, it investigates the trade-offs between the different-power charging infrastructure and the BEV owner by considering: BEV investment and range, public infrastructure availability, at-home charger availability, and the adaptability between charger and BEV in terms of technical constraints. It also concludes with the most suitable BEV battery capacity for urban and rural needs, and the installation of fast chargers. Next, it analyses the influence of socio-demographic, economic, and technical factors on electric vehicle adoption in French departments, using mixed-effects regression. This chapter points out policy recommendations to accelerate the electric mobility transition. Finally, this thesis analyses the influence of the Regulation number (EU)2019/631 on the automotive manufacturers’ portfolio, and compares the results with the directive of the European Commission.Le transport routier représentant une part importante des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre. Les véhicules électriques (VE), y compris les VE à batterie (BEV) et les VE hybrides rechargeables (PHEV), offrent une alternative prometteuse pour remplacer les véhicules à moteur à combustion interne (ICEV), dépendants des combustibles fossiles, pour une solution de transport à émissions faibles ou nulles. Bien que l'adoption de ces technologies ait rapidement augmenté au cours de la dernière décennie, leur part de marché reste limitée par des obstacles socio-technico-économiques dans la plupart des pays. Surmonter ces barrières est une étape essentielle vers un marché massive des véhicules électriques. Cette thèse vise donc à étudier des modèles économiques innovants, en examinant les transactions entre les membres de l'écosystème des VE. Cette thèse traite de recherches prospectives et multidisciplinaires en sciences économiques et de gestion, et sciences de l'ingénieur, sur l'avenir des systèmes automobiles décarbonés. Tout d'abord, cette thèse aborde les principaux obstacles au déploiement des infrastructures de recharge, en présentant une revue de la littérature sur les méthodologies de déploiement et en soulignant l'ensemble des paramètres négligés dans la littérature, lesquels présentent des questions de recherche que la thèse aborde par la suite. Ensuite, cette thèse étudie les compromis entre infrastructure de recharge de différentes puissances et autonomie des BEV. Nous concluons sur la capacité de la batterie du BEV la plus adaptée aux besoins urbains et ruraux, et sur l'investissement dans les chargeurs rapides. De plus, cette thèse analyse l'influence des facteurs socio-démographiques, économiques et techniques sur l'adoption des VE dans les départements français au moyen d’une régression à effets mixtes. Nous concluons à travers des recommandations de politiques économiques pour accélérer la transition vers la mobilité électrique. Enfin, cette thèse analyse l'influence du règlement européen (EU)2019/631 sur l’offre des constructeurs automobiles et permet de discuter les résultats attendus par la directive de la Commission européenne

Une analyse technico-économique de la transition vers les véhicules électriques : politique, infrastructure, usages et conception

Since road transport accounts for a high share of global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, Electric Vehicles (EVs), including Battery EVs (BEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid EVs (PHEVs), offer a promising alternative to replace fossil-fuel dependent Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs), with a low-or zero-emission transport solution. While this technology's adoption has been rapidly increasing over the last decade, its market share remains restrained by socio-techno-economic barriers in most countries. Overcoming these barriers is an essential step into a massive purchasing activity of electric vehicles. This dissertation aims at investigating innovative business models by examining the transactions within the members of the EV ecosystem. This dissertation deals with future and multidisciplinary research in economics, management, and engineering sciences on decarbonised car systems' future. First, this thesis addresses the main charging infrastructure deployment barrier by presenting a literature review about the deployment methodologies and pointing out the neglected set of parameters that present our research gaps. Second, it investigates the trade-offs between the different-power charging infrastructure and the BEV owner by considering: BEV investment and range, public infrastructure availability, at-home charger availability, and the adaptability between charger and BEV in terms of technical constraints. It also concludes with the most suitable BEV battery capacity for urban and rural needs, and the installation of fast chargers. Next, it analyses the influence of socio-demographic, economic, and technical factors on electric vehicle adoption in French departments, using mixed-effects regression. This chapter points out policy recommendations to accelerate the electric mobility transition. Finally, this thesis analyses the influence of the Regulation number (EU)2019/631 on the automotive manufacturers’ portfolio, and compares the results with the directive of the European Commission.Le transport routier représentant une part importante des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre. Les véhicules électriques (VE), y compris les VE à batterie (BEV) et les VE hybrides rechargeables (PHEV), offrent une alternative prometteuse pour remplacer les véhicules à moteur à combustion interne (ICEV), dépendants des combustibles fossiles, pour une solution de transport à émissions faibles ou nulles. Bien que l'adoption de ces technologies ait rapidement augmenté au cours de la dernière décennie, leur part de marché reste limitée par des obstacles socio-technico-économiques dans la plupart des pays. Surmonter ces barrières est une étape essentielle vers un marché massive des véhicules électriques. Cette thèse vise donc à étudier des modèles économiques innovants, en examinant les transactions entre les membres de l'écosystème des VE. Cette thèse traite de recherches prospectives et multidisciplinaires en sciences économiques et de gestion, et sciences de l'ingénieur, sur l'avenir des systèmes automobiles décarbonés. Tout d'abord, cette thèse aborde les principaux obstacles au déploiement des infrastructures de recharge, en présentant une revue de la littérature sur les méthodologies de déploiement et en soulignant l'ensemble des paramètres négligés dans la littérature, lesquels présentent des questions de recherche que la thèse aborde par la suite. Ensuite, cette thèse étudie les compromis entre infrastructure de recharge de différentes puissances et autonomie des BEV. Nous concluons sur la capacité de la batterie du BEV la plus adaptée aux besoins urbains et ruraux, et sur l'investissement dans les chargeurs rapides. De plus, cette thèse analyse l'influence des facteurs socio-démographiques, économiques et techniques sur l'adoption des VE dans les départements français au moyen d’une régression à effets mixtes. Nous concluons à travers des recommandations de politiques économiques pour accélérer la transition vers la mobilité électrique. Enfin, cette thèse analyse l'influence du règlement européen (EU)2019/631 sur l’offre des constructeurs automobiles et permet de discuter les résultats attendus par la directive de la Commission Européenne

Une analyse technico-économique de la transition vers les véhicules électriques : politique, infrastructure, usages et conception

Le transport routier représentant une part importante des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre. Les véhicules électriques (VE), y compris les VE à batterie (BEV) et les VE hybrides rechargeables (PHEV), offrent une alternative prometteuse pour remplacer les véhicules à moteur à combustion interne (ICEV), dépendants des combustibles fossiles, pour une solution de transport à émissions faibles ou nulles. Bien que l'adoption de ces technologies ait rapidement augmenté au cours de la dernière décennie, leur part de marché reste limitée par des obstacles socio-technico-économiques dans la plupart des pays. Surmonter ces barrières est une étape essentielle vers un marché massive des véhicules électriques. Cette thèse vise donc à étudier des modèles économiques innovants, en examinant les transactions entre les membres de l'écosystème des VE. Cette thèse traite de recherches prospectives et multidisciplinaires en sciences économiques et de gestion, et sciences de l'ingénieur, sur l'avenir des systèmes automobiles décarbonés. Tout d'abord, cette thèse aborde les principaux obstacles au déploiement des infrastructures de recharge, en présentant une revue de la littérature sur les méthodologies de déploiement et en soulignant l'ensemble des paramètres négligés dans la littérature, lesquels présentent des questions de recherche que la thèse aborde par la suite. Ensuite, cette thèse étudie les compromis entre infrastructure de recharge de différentes puissances et autonomie des BEV. Nous concluons sur la capacité de la batterie du BEV la plus adaptée aux besoins urbains et ruraux, et sur l'investissement dans les chargeurs rapides. De plus, cette thèse analyse l'influence des facteurs socio-démographiques, économiques et techniques sur l'adoption des VE dans les départements français au moyen d’une régression à effets mixtes. Nous concluons à travers des recommandations de politiques économiques pour accélérer la transition vers la mobilité électrique. Enfin, cette thèse analyse l'influence du règlement européen (EU)2019/631 sur l’offre des constructeurs automobiles et permet de discuter les résultats attendus par la directive de la Commission Européenne.Since road transport accounts for a high share of global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, Electric Vehicles (EVs), including Battery EVs (BEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid EVs (PHEVs), offer a promising alternative to replace fossil-fuel dependent Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs), with a low-or zero-emission transport solution. While this technology's adoption has been rapidly increasing over the last decade, its market share remains restrained by socio-techno-economic barriers in most countries. Overcoming these barriers is an essential step into a massive purchasing activity of electric vehicles. This dissertation aims at investigating innovative business models by examining the transactions within the members of the EV ecosystem. This dissertation deals with future and multidisciplinary research in economics, management, and engineering sciences on decarbonised car systems' future. First, this thesis addresses the main charging infrastructure deployment barrier by presenting a literature review about the deployment methodologies and pointing out the neglected set of parameters that present our research gaps. Second, it investigates the trade-offs between the different-power charging infrastructure and the BEV owner by considering: BEV investment and range, public infrastructure availability, at-home charger availability, and the adaptability between charger and BEV in terms of technical constraints. It also concludes with the most suitable BEV battery capacity for urban and rural needs, and the installation of fast chargers. Next, it analyses the influence of socio-demographic, economic, and technical factors on electric vehicle adoption in French departments, using mixed-effects regression. This chapter points out policy recommendations to accelerate the electric mobility transition. Finally, this thesis analyses the influence of the Regulation number (EU)2019/631 on the automotive manufacturers’ portfolio, and compares the results with the directive of the European Commission

Assessing the trade-offs between battery capacity and charging power of battery electric vehicles: A French case study

International audienceBattery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are generally considered a promising solution for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. Despite increasing sales, techno-economic barriers still hinder their widespread adoption. Market stakeholders are faced with a dilemma to address these barriers, especially in terms of choices that have to be made about car battery capacity and recharging infrastructure investments. While previously considered separately, these choices are not independent and influence car price, recharging speed, and ecological impact. This paper explores various combinations of battery capacity sizes and charging power to define and compare these options. We simulate the needs of 12 scenarios of identical privately-purchased BEVs, by increasing their battery capacity, analyse the owner's and charging operator's cost models before exploring Pareto fronts to conclude with optimal combinations of battery size and charging power, taking into account French urban and rural needs separately. For urban (rural) areas, purchasing a 35-50-kWh (50-kWh) BEV and deploying 22-and 50-kW chargers (50-kW) proves cost-efficient solutions. Policy implications are discussed, and we recommend to revise charging tariffs and pricing methods

Une analyse technico-économique de la transition vers les véhicules électriques : politique, infrastructure, usages et conception

Since road transport accounts for a high share of global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, Electric Vehicles (EVs), including Battery EVs (BEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid EVs (PHEVs), offer a promising alternative to replace fossil-fuel dependent Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs), with a low-or zero-emission transport solution. While this technology's adoption has been rapidly increasing over the last decade, its market share remains restrained by socio-techno-economic barriers in most countries. Overcoming these barriers is an essential step into a massive purchasing activity of electric vehicles. This dissertation aims at investigating innovative business models by examining the transactions within the members of the EV ecosystem. This dissertation deals with future and multidisciplinary research in economics, management, and engineering sciences on decarbonised car systems' future. First, this thesis addresses the main charging infrastructure deployment barrier by presenting a literature review about the deployment methodologies and pointing out the neglected set of parameters that present our research gaps. Second, it investigates the trade-offs between the different-power charging infrastructure and the BEV owner by considering: BEV investment and range, public infrastructure availability, at-home charger availability, and the adaptability between charger and BEV in terms of technical constraints. It also concludes with the most suitable BEV battery capacity for urban and rural needs, and the installation of fast chargers. Next, it analyses the influence of socio-demographic, economic, and technical factors on electric vehicle adoption in French departments, using mixed-effects regression. This chapter points out policy recommendations to accelerate the electric mobility transition. Finally, this thesis analyses the influence of the Regulation number (EU)2019/631 on the automotive manufacturers’ portfolio, and compares the results with the directive of the European Commission.Le transport routier représentant une part importante des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre. Les véhicules électriques (VE), y compris les VE à batterie (BEV) et les VE hybrides rechargeables (PHEV), offrent une alternative prometteuse pour remplacer les véhicules à moteur à combustion interne (ICEV), dépendants des combustibles fossiles, pour une solution de transport à émissions faibles ou nulles. Bien que l'adoption de ces technologies ait rapidement augmenté au cours de la dernière décennie, leur part de marché reste limitée par des obstacles socio-technico-économiques dans la plupart des pays. Surmonter ces barrières est une étape essentielle vers un marché massive des véhicules électriques. Cette thèse vise donc à étudier des modèles économiques innovants, en examinant les transactions entre les membres de l'écosystème des VE. Cette thèse traite de recherches prospectives et multidisciplinaires en sciences économiques et de gestion, et sciences de l'ingénieur, sur l'avenir des systèmes automobiles décarbonés. Tout d'abord, cette thèse aborde les principaux obstacles au déploiement des infrastructures de recharge, en présentant une revue de la littérature sur les méthodologies de déploiement et en soulignant l'ensemble des paramètres négligés dans la littérature, lesquels présentent des questions de recherche que la thèse aborde par la suite. Ensuite, cette thèse étudie les compromis entre infrastructure de recharge de différentes puissances et autonomie des BEV. Nous concluons sur la capacité de la batterie du BEV la plus adaptée aux besoins urbains et ruraux, et sur l'investissement dans les chargeurs rapides. De plus, cette thèse analyse l'influence des facteurs socio-démographiques, économiques et techniques sur l'adoption des VE dans les départements français au moyen d’une régression à effets mixtes. Nous concluons à travers des recommandations de politiques économiques pour accélérer la transition vers la mobilité électrique. Enfin, cette thèse analyse l'influence du règlement européen (EU)2019/631 sur l’offre des constructeurs automobiles et permet de discuter les résultats attendus par la directive de la Commission Européenne