Z prac nad materiałami pomocniczymi - język polski na lekcjach chemii

Podstawowym zadaniem Studium Języka Polskiego dla Cudzoziemców w Uniwersytecie Łódzkim jest przygotowanie obcokrajowców w zakresie języka polskiego do podjęcia studiów wyższych w Polsce, przy czym przez język polski rozumie się tu język ogólny oraz podstawową terminologię, której znajomość jest niezbędna do podjęcia studiów w wyższej uczelni. W zależności od kierunku przyszłych studiów cudzoziemcy ucząc się terminologii z zakresu matematyki, fizyki, chemii, biologii i innych nauk. Terminologię z zakresu chemii poznają studenci w ramach przedmiotu chemia, który jest wprowadzany do grup o profilu przyrodniczym (medycznych, farmaceutycznych i rolniczych) oraz technicznym, po dwóch tygodniach nauki języka polskiego jako obcego. Słuchaczami tych grup są kandydaci na kierunki studiów, na których naucza się chemii jako przedmiotu. Program nauczania chemii w Studium jest oparty na programie chemii obowiązującym w polskich szkołach ogólnokształcących.Zadanie pt. Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę

Substituent Effect on the Association Equilibria of Free Radical Anions. Electrochemical Reduction of p-Substituted Nitrobenzenes in N,N-Dimethylformamide

Association constants between p-substituted nitrobenzene anion radicals, formed by reduction of the parent molecules at a dropping mercuryelectrode, and tetraethylammonium cation in N,N-dimethylformamide have been determined by studying the variation in the half-wave potential with solution composition. The association constant was observed to depend on the substituent effect; it was shown that the Hammett equation in the form log K" = - 1.550 + 2.77 is fulfilled.The dependence of logK" vs. the hyperfine splitting constant (from ESR spectra) proper for N-nuclei in nitro-group of radical anions is also discussed

The Dynamics of Business Model Transformation: Innovation and Internationalization

Els darrers anys, els models de negoci han experimentat un impuls notable en la recerca acadèmica. Com a resposta a les demandes recents de la literatura en matèria de direcció estratègica, aquesta tesi amplia l’estudi dels models de negoci mitjançant l’anàlisi d‘una dimensió que rarament s‘estudia a la literatura: la transformació del model de negoci i les seves dinàmiques internes. Malgrat el paper destacat dels models de negoci en la recerca recent, se sap poc sobre com es transformen els models de negoci en el temps i com s’adapten a ecosistemes canviants. A través de tres assaigs, aquesta tesi explora la transformació dels models de negoci centrant-se en la dinàmica de la innovació dels models de negoci i la transformació d’aquests models amb la internacionalització. Avançant en les conclusions empíriques dels tres assaigs i les idees integradores que impulsen l’agenda de la recerca sobre els models de negoci, proposo un nou model conceptual i presento la transformació del model de negoci com un constructe multidimensional, que es basa en les eleccions estratègiques de l’empresa. Aquestes eleccions, a seu torn, es reflecteixen en les limitacions que determinen l’espai d‘oportunitat de l‘empresa focal, que s‘ha de realitzar amb l‘objectiu d‘incrementar la creació de valor de l‘empresa focal i el seu potencial de captació de valor. Aquesta tesi té com a fonaments la recerca en direcció estratègica i la teoria de l’organització, i també es basa en la teoria institucional i la internacionalització, cosa que contribueix als debats actuals en els camps de l’estratègia, la innovació i la direcció internacional. Alhora que se centra en el desenvolupament de la teoria i adopta un enfocament semiconstructivista, la tesi utilitza diversos mètodes de recerca, com l’anàlisi teòrica, la grounded theory, i recorre a diversos casos per desenvolupar i demostrar diverses proposicions, i també el concepte de transformació dels models de negoci en la literatura. La tesi conclou proposant potencials vies per al desenvolupament d’investigacions futures.En los últimos años, los modelos de negocio han cobrado sustancial impulso en la investigación académica. Como respuesta a las recientes peticiones de la literatura en dirección estratégica, esta tesis extiende el estudio de modelos de negocio mediante la exploración de una dimensión raramente considerada en la literatura: la transformación del modelo de negocio y sus dinámicas subyacentes. A pesar del papel destacado de los modelos de negocio en la investigación reciente, poco se sabe acerca de cómo los modelos de negocio se transforman en el tiempo y cómo se adaptan a ecosistemas cambiantes. A través de tres ensayos, esta tesis explora la transformación de modelos de negocio enfocándose en la dinámica de la innovación de los modelos de negocio y la transformación de los modelos de negocio en la internacionalización. Avanzando en los hallazgos empíricos de los tres ensayos y las ideas integradoras que impulsan la agenda de investigación modelo de negocio, propongo un nuevo modelo conceptual y presento la transformación del modelo de negocio como un constructo multidimensional, que reside en las elecciones estratégicas de la empresa. Estos, a su vez, se reflejan por las restricciones que determinan espacio de oportunidades de la empresa focal, que ha de ser realizado con el objetivo de aumentar la creación y captura de valor potencial de la misma. Esta tesis tiene como pilares la investigación en dirección estratégica así como la teoría de organización, basándose en la teoría institucional y la internacionalización, lo que contribuye a los debates actuales dentro de los campos de estrategia, innovación y dirección internacional. Mientras se mantiene el foco en el desarrollo de la teoría, en un enfoque semi-constructivista, la tesis emplea diversos métodos de investigación, como el análisis teórico, grounded theory, y varios estudios de caso para desarrollar y testear diversas proposiciones, así como establecer el concepto de transformación de modelos de negocio en literatura. La tesis concluye con potenciales vías para el desarrollo de futuras investigaciones.In recent years, business models have gained substantial momentum in academic research. As a response to recent calls in strategic management literature for novel research, this dissertation extends the study of business models by exploring a dimension rarely considered in literature: business model transformation and its underlying dynamics. Despite the prominent role of business models in recent research, little is known about how business models transform over time and adapt to evolving ecosystems. In three essays, I address this gap by exploring the notion of business model transformation enabled through its dynamics of business model innovation and business model growth through internationalization. Advancing on the empirical findings from the three essays and the integrative insights that move the business model research agenda forward, I propose a conceptual model and introduce business model transformation as a multi-dimensional construct, which resides in the focal firm’s strategic choices. These choices, in turn, are reflected by the constraints that determine the focal firm’s opportunity space, which is to be realized with the objective to increase the focal firm’s value creation and value capture potential. I theoretically build on strategic management research as well as on organization, institutional and internationalization theory as the three pillars of this thesis, contributing to the current debates within the strategy, innovation and international management fields. While maintaining the focus on theory development, in a semi-constructivist approach, I employ diverse research methods, such as theoretical analysis, grounded theory, and multiple case studies to develop and test various propositions, as well as establish the concept of business model transformation in literature. The thesis concludes with fruitful avenues for future research

Timing matters: age-dependent impacts of the social environment and host selection on the avian gut microbiota

Background The establishment of the gut microbiota in early life is a critical process that influences the development and fitness of vertebrates. However, the relative influence of transmission from the early social environment and host selection throughout host ontogeny remains understudied, particularly in avian species. We conducted conspecific and heterospecific cross-fostering experiments in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) and Bengalese finches (Lonchura striata domestica) under controlled conditions and repeatedly sampled the faecal microbiota of these birds over the first 3 months of life. We thus documented the development of the gut microbiota and characterised the relative impacts of the early social environment and host selection due to species-specific characteristics and individual genetic backgrounds across ontogeny by using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Results The taxonomic composition and community structure of the gut microbiota changed across ontogenetic stages; juvenile zebra finches exhibited higher alpha diversity than adults at the post-breeding stage. Furthermore, in early development, the microbial communities of juveniles raised by conspecific and heterospecific foster parents resembled those of their foster family, emphasising the importance of the social environment. In later stages, the social environment continued to influence the gut microbiota, but host selection increased in importance. Conclusions We provided a baseline description of the developmental succession of gut microbiota in zebra finches and Bengalese finches, which is a necessary first step for understanding the impact of the early gut microbiota on host fitness. Furthermore, for the first time in avian species, we showed that the relative strengths of the two forces that shape the establishment and maintenance of the gut microbiota (i.e. host selection and dispersal from the social environment) change during development, with host selection increasing in importance. This finding should be considered when experimentally manipulating the early-life gut microbiota. Our findings also provide new insights into the mechanisms of host selection

4-(3-Fluoro­phen­yl)-1-(propan-2-yl­idene)thio­semicarbazone

The title compound, C10H12FN3S, crystallizes in the same space group (P21/c) as two polymorphic forms of 4-phenyl-1-(propan-2-yl­idene)thio­semicarbazone [Jian et al. (2005). Acta Cryst. E61, o653–o654; Venkatraman et al. (2005). Acta Cryst. E61, o3914–o3916]. The arrangement of mol­ecules relative to the twofold screw axes is similar to that in the crystal structure of the lower density polymorph. In the solid state, the mol­ecular conformation is stabilized by an intra­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bond. The mol­ecules form centrosymmetric R 2 2(8) dimers in the crystal through pairs of N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds

Aktywność enzymów antyoksydacyjnych i stężenie aldehydu dimalonowego jako wykładniki stresu oksydacyjnego u kobiet z subkliniczną nieautoimmunologiczną nadczynnością tarczycy

Introduction: The recent investigations point out the significant role of oxidative stress in the development of thyroid gland disease. The present study was designed to investigate the variation of oxidative stae in women with non-autoimmunological subclinical hyperthyroidism. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 20 females with non-autoimmunological subclinical hyperthyroidism and 15 healthy women. Manganase-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) plasma activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) plasma concentration were measured. Results: EC-SOD plasma activity was significantly higher in women with subclinical hyperthyroidism when compared with the control group (13.3 &#177; 2.1 vs. 10.9 &#177; 1.4 NU/ml; p < 0.05), unlike Mn-SOD (4.2 &#177; 0.5 vs. 4.0 &#177; 1.0 NU/ml). MDA plasma concentration increased significantly in women with subclinical hyperthyroidism (3.5 &#177; 1.2 vs. 2.0 &#177; 0.6 &#956;mol/l; p < 0.05). Conclusions: The increased EC-SOD plasma activity may reflect disturbances of oxidative state in subclinical hyperthyroidism. Parallel increase of MDA plasma concentration may indicate enhancement of lipid peroxidationin in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism.Wstęp: Badania z ostatnich lat wskazują na udział stresu oksydacyjnego w rozwoju schorzeń gruczołu tarczowego. Celem niniejszej pracy jest ocena zmian stanu oksydacyjnego u kobiet z subkliniczną nieautoimmunologiczną nadczynnością tarczycy. Materiał i metody: Badania przeprowadzono u 20 kobiet z subkliniczną nadczynnością tarczycy oraz u 15 zdrowych kobiet. Wykonywano oznaczenia aktywności dysmutazy ponadtlenkowej - izoformy manganowej (Mn-SOD) i miedziowo-cynkowej (EC-SOD), a także stężenia aldehydu dimalonowego (MDA) w osoczu. Wyniki: U kobiet z subkliniczną nadczynnością tarczycy stwierdzono w osoczu wyższą w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną aktywność ECSOD (13,3 &#177; 2,1 vs. 10,9 &#177; 1,4 NU/ml; p < 0,05), natomiast aktywności Mn-SOD nie różniły się pomiędzy grupami (4,2 &#177; 0,5 vs. 4,0 &#177; 1,0 NU/ml). Badania wykazały również, że u kobiet z nadczynnością tarczycy w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną występuje wyższe stężenie MDA w osoczu niż w grupie kobiet zdrowych (3,5 &#177; 1,2 vs. 2,0 &#177; 0,6 &#956;mol/l; p < 0,05). Wnioski: W grupie chorych z subkliniczną nadczynnością tarczycy występują zaburzenia równowagi oksydacyjnej, przejawiające się wzrostem aktywności EC-SOD w osoczu. Towarzyszy temu podwyższone stężenie MDA, świadczące o nasileniu peroksydacji lipidów w tej grupie chorych

Design and Implementation of Degenerate Microsatellite Primers for the Mammalian Clade

Microsatellites are popular genetic markers in molecular ecology, genetic mapping and forensics. Unfortunately, despite recent advances, the isolation of de novo polymorphic microsatellite loci often requires expensive and intensive groundwork. Primers developed for a focal species are commonly tested in a related, non-focal species of interest for the amplification of orthologous polymorphic loci; when successful, this approach significantly reduces cost and time of microsatellite development. However, transferability of polymorphic microsatellite loci decreases rapidly with increasing evolutionary distance, and this approach has shown its limits. Whole genome sequences represent an under-exploited resource to develop cross-species primers for microsatellites. Here we describe a three-step method that combines a novel in silico pipeline that we use to (1) identify conserved microsatellite loci from a multiple genome alignments, (2) design degenerate primer pairs, with (3) a simple PCR protocol used to implement these primers across species. Using this approach we developed a set of primers for the mammalian clade. We found 126,306 human microsatellites conserved in mammalian aligned sequences, and isolated 5,596 loci using criteria based on wide conservation. From a random subset of ∼1000 dinucleotide repeats, we designed degenerate primer pairs for 19 loci, of which five produced polymorphic fragments in up to 18 mammalian species, including the distinctly related marsupials and monotremes, groups that diverged from other mammals 120–160 million years ago. Using our method, many more cross-clade microsatellite loci can be harvested from the currently available genomic data, and this ability is set to improve exponentially as further genomes are sequenced

Genetic variability of the grey wolf Canis lupus in the Caucasus in comparison with Europe and the Middle East: distinct or intermediary population?

Despite continuous historical distribution of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) throughout Eurasia, the species displays considerable morphological differentiation that resulted in delimitation of a number of subspecies. However, these morphological discontinuities are not always consistent with patterns of genetic differentiation. Here we assess genetic distinctiveness of grey wolves from the Caucasus (a region at the border between Europe and West Asia) that have been classified as a distinct subspecies C. l. cubanensis. We analysed their genetic variability based on mtDNA control region, microsatellite loci and genome-wide SNP genotypes (obtained for a subset of the samples), and found similar or higher levels of genetic diversity at all these types of loci as compared with other Eurasian populations. Although we found no evidence for a recent genetic bottleneck, genome-wide linkage disequilibrium patterns suggest a long-term demographic decline in the Caucasian population – a trend consistent with other Eurasian populations. Caucasian wolves share mtDNA haplotypes with both Eastern European and West Asian wolves, suggesting past or ongoing gene flow. Microsatellite data also suggest gene flow between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. We found evidence for moderate admixture between the Caucasian wolves and domestic dogs, at a level comparable with other Eurasian populations. Taken together, our results show that Caucasian wolves are not genetically isolated from other Eurasian populations, share with them the same demographic trends, and are affected by similar conservation problems

The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE): Technical Overview

The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) will expand the information space for study of cosmic sources, by adding linear polarization to the properties (time, energy, and position) observed in x-ray astronomy. Selected in 2017 January as a NASA Astrophysics Small Explorer (SMEX) mission, IXPE will be launched into an equatorial orbit in 2021. The IXPE mission will provide scientifically meaningful measurements of the x-ray polarization of a few dozen sources in the 2-8 keV band, including polarization maps of several x-ray-bright extended sources and phase-resolved polarimetry of many bright pulsating x-ray sources

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio