Modélisation multi-échelles du comportement mécanique des câbles textiles

Textile ropes made of tows of filaments twisted together can be used as reinforcements for composites.The global nonlinear mechanical behavior of these ropes is largely controlled by contact-frictioninteractions taking place between elementary fibers. A finite element code, called Multifil, has beendeveloped in order to simulate the mechanical behavior of such fibrous material. However, due tocomputational costs, the use of this approach is limited to structures made of few hundred fibers,whereas ropes in the scope of our study are formed of few thousand fibers.The purpose of this work is to develop a multi-scale approach for modeling textile ropes with ahuge number of fibers, in order to compute the global behavior of these structures while approachingthe local stresses at the fibers scale. This strategy is based on the development of a simplified modelof macrofibers to solve the problem at the macroscopic scale, and the formulation of a problem at themicroscopic scale driven by relevant macroscopic quantities. Phenomena originating at microscopicscale, and particularly the densification of fibers, are accounted for at the macroscopic scale throughand adapted contact law. Parameters of this law are adjusted so as to obtain a good agreement betweenthe densities determined at macroscopic and microscopic scales.Le travail présenté a été réalisé dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche industriel visant à étudier le comportement mécanique des câblés textiles utilisés comme renforts dans les pneumatiques. Les câblés étudiés sont composés de plusieurs dizaines de milliers de filaments, assemblés en brins, qui sont ensuite torsadés ensemble. Le comportement du câble est gouverné par les mécanismes se produisant à l'échelle des fibres élémentaires, et hérite des phénomènes complexes dus aux interactions de contact-frottement entre les filaments. L'objectif de ce travail est de développer une approche permettant de simuler le comportement global de ces câblés au cours des différentes étapes de leur cycle de vie tout en approchant les sollicitations subies à l'échelle des filaments afin d'étudier les mécanismes responsables de l'endommagement de ces structures.La thèse introduit une stratégie multi-échelles originale qui repose sur le développement d'un modèle simplifié de macrofibre. Ce modèle de macrofibre est formulé à une échelle intermédiaire(entre l'échelle microscopique -celle des fibres- et l'échelle macroscopique -celle des câbles-) et dont le comportement soit équivalent à celui d'un paquet de quelques dizaines de fibres. Pour compenser la pauvreté cinématique du modèle de macrofibre, nous proposons de prendre en compte les effets de densification locale des macrofibres (écrasements transverses, réduction des vides) en autorisant des pénétrations importantes entre elles, contrôlées par une loi de contact appropriée. L'objectif de cette modélisation macroscopique est d'estimer le comportement global du câble et de définir des informations à transmettre vers l'échelle microscopique. Le processus d'héritage (choix de quantités macroscopiques pertinentes et manière de les imposer au problème local) constitue l'apport principal de ce travail et se base sur un mode de pilotage mixte à l'échelle microscopique. A terme,les résultats du problème microscopique devront permettre de recaler les paramètres du modèle de contact macroscopique, de manière à obtenir un accord entre les densités déterminées aux deux échelles.La méthode multi-échelles développée est d'abord validée par analyse d'erreur dans un cadre bidimensionnel,puis appliquée sur un câblé textile réel pour mettre en évidence son apport dans un contexte industriel

New Trends in Clay-Based Nanohybrid Applications: Essential Oil Encapsulation Strategies to Improve Their Biological Activity

Essential oils (EOs) are used in medicinal, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, and food industries thanks to their key properties and multiple benefits. Several techniques and embedding materials are used to nanoencapsulate EOs, in order to keep them from environmental conditions and boost their bioefficiency by controlled release. In recent years, the interest for clay nanoparticles as nanoencapsulation materials for EOs is increasing owing to their abundance in nature, low cost, inertness, and special structure. Thus, this chapter focuses on highlighting data and contributions dealing with EOs incorporation into nanoclay particles, their current applications and nanohybrid formation benefits on the stability, bioavailability, and sustained release of EOs. An overview about nanoclays used for EOs nanoencapsulation is highlighted in the beginning of this chapter followed by a brief description of EOs’ chemical composition and properties

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Multi-scale modelling of the mechanical behavior of textile cables

Le travail présenté a été réalisé dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche industriel visant à étudier le comportement mécanique des câblés textiles utilisés comme renforts dans les pneumatiques. Les câblés étudiés sont composés de plusieurs dizaines de milliers de filaments, assemblés en brins, qui sont ensuite torsadés ensemble. Le comportement du câble est gouverné par les mécanismes se produisant à l'échelle des fibres élémentaires, et hérite des phénomènes complexes dus aux interactions de contact-frottement entre les filaments. L'objectif de ce travail est de développer une approche permettant de simuler le comportement global de ces câblés au cours des différentes étapes de leur cycle de vie tout en approchant les sollicitations subies à l'échelle des filaments afin d'étudier les mécanismes responsables de l'endommagement de ces structures.La thèse introduit une stratégie multi-échelles originale qui repose sur le développement d'un modèle simplifié de macrofibre. Ce modèle de macrofibre est formulé à une échelle intermédiaire(entre l'échelle microscopique -celle des fibres- et l'échelle macroscopique -celle des câbles-) et dont le comportement soit équivalent à celui d'un paquet de quelques dizaines de fibres. Pour compenser la pauvreté cinématique du modèle de macrofibre, nous proposons de prendre en compte les effets de densification locale des macrofibres (écrasements transverses, réduction des vides) en autorisant des pénétrations importantes entre elles, contrôlées par une loi de contact appropriée. L'objectif de cette modélisation macroscopique est d'estimer le comportement global du câble et de définir des informations à transmettre vers l'échelle microscopique. Le processus d'héritage (choix de quantités macroscopiques pertinentes et manière de les imposer au problème local) constitue l'apport principal de ce travail et se base sur un mode de pilotage mixte à l'échelle microscopique. A terme,les résultats du problème microscopique devront permettre de recaler les paramètres du modèle de contact macroscopique, de manière à obtenir un accord entre les densités déterminées aux deux échelles.La méthode multi-échelles développée est d'abord validée par analyse d'erreur dans un cadre bidimensionnel,puis appliquée sur un câblé textile réel pour mettre en évidence son apport dans un contexte industriel.Textile ropes made of tows of filaments twisted together can be used as reinforcements for composites.The global nonlinear mechanical behavior of these ropes is largely controlled by contact-frictioninteractions taking place between elementary fibers. A finite element code, called Multifil, has beendeveloped in order to simulate the mechanical behavior of such fibrous material. However, due tocomputational costs, the use of this approach is limited to structures made of few hundred fibers,whereas ropes in the scope of our study are formed of few thousand fibers.The purpose of this work is to develop a multi-scale approach for modeling textile ropes with ahuge number of fibers, in order to compute the global behavior of these structures while approachingthe local stresses at the fibers scale. This strategy is based on the development of a simplified modelof macrofibers to solve the problem at the macroscopic scale, and the formulation of a problem at themicroscopic scale driven by relevant macroscopic quantities. Phenomena originating at microscopicscale, and particularly the densification of fibers, are accounted for at the macroscopic scale throughand adapted contact law. Parameters of this law are adjusted so as to obtain a good agreement betweenthe densities determined at macroscopic and microscopic scales

Multi-scale Modelling of the Mechanical Behaviour of Textile Reinforcements

International audienceThe role of textile reinforcements is particularly important in the development of composite materials with optimal performances in terms of mechanical behavior and weight, whose use is increasing in various fields such as tire, aeronautic and automotive industries. In our study we are interested in unidirectional textile reinforcements, made of bundles of fibers which are twisted together to form yarn. The global mechanical behavior of these yarns is very complex, and largely controlled by contact-friction interactions taking place between elementary fibers. This kind of structure is characterized by continuous features along its longitudinal direction, although it should be considered as a discrete assembly in its transversal directions. Since the trajectory of each filament within the yarn depends on the assembly process, the initial configuration of such structures can not be known a priori, and the assembly process needs therefore to be simulated. Besides mechanical properties at macroscopic scale, the determination of local stresses at the fibers scale is very important to predict the occurrence of damage. A finite element code, based on an implicit solver, has been developed in order to simulate the mechanical behavior of such fibrous materials [1, 2]. However, due to computational costs, the use of this approach is limited to structures made of few hundred fibers, whereas cords in the scope of our study are formed of few thousand fibers. The purpose of this work is to develop a multi-scale approach to characterize mechanical properties of such material with a large numbers of fibers, at different scales. This approach is based on the introduction of so-called macro-fibers, aimed at representing the behavior of bundles of filaments

Modélisation multi-échelle du comportement des câblés textiles

International audienceUne stratégie multi-échelle est proposée pour aborder la simulation de câblés textiles à grands nombres de filaments, en vue de déterminer le comportement global de ces structures tout en approchant les sollicitations locales subies à l'échelle des filaments. Cette stratégie repose sur le développement d'un modèle simplifié de macro-fibres pour résoudre le problème à l'échelle macroscopique, et la formulation d'un problème à l'échelle microscopique piloté par des quantités pertinentes déterminées à l'échelle macroscopique. Les paramètres du modèle macroscopique sont recalés de manière à obtenir un accord entre les densités déterminées aux échelles macroscopique et microscopique. Dans un premier temps, le cadre de l'étude a été simplifié en se ramenant à un problème 2D. On présente alors dans cet article une illustration 2D de l'approche multi-échelle proposée