El apostolado docente de Pablo Guadarrama en américa latina.

This article approaches the most important milestones in the educational work of Pablo Guadarrama and the theoretical and methodological contributions it has made to the teaching of Latin American thought. For this, it has been indispensable not only the analysis of his writing, but also engage in dialogue with the philosopher for unravel his exercise as a teacher. Hence it follows that their educational foundations are located in Cuban thought from figures such as José Agustín Caballero, Félix Varela, José de la Luz y Caballero, José Martí and José Enrique Varona, and in a series of postulates of Marxism.El presente artículo aborda los hitos esenciales de la labor pedagógica de Pablo Guadarrama y sus aportes teóricos y metodológicos para la enseñanza del pensamiento latinoamericano. Para esto, ha sido indispensable no solo el análisis de su obra escrita, sino también entablar un diálogo con el filósofo para desentrañar su ejercicio como profesor. De ahí se deriva que sus fundamentos pedagógicos se hallan en el pensamiento cubano, a partir de figuras como José Agustín Caballero, Félix Varela, José de la Luz y Caballero, José Martí y Enrique José Varona, y en una serie de postulados del marxismo

La influencia de las ideas socialistas en la Revolución del medio siglo en Colombia (1849-1954)

Esta investigación tiene como objeto, la influencia de las ideas socialistas en la revolución del medio siglo, problemática que no ha sido abordada por la historiografía. Para eso, fue necesario analizar las reformas liberales, la organización de los artesanos en las Sociedades Democráticas y la estructuración de los partidos políticos; examinar la división del liberalismo en gólgotas y democrático-igualitarios y valorar la difusión y apropiación de las ideas socialistas por los liberales gólgotas, los liberales democrático-igualitarios y los artesanos en el período abordado. La consulta de una amplia variedad de fuentes y la aplicación del métodológico histórico al campo de la historia de las ideas, permitió demostrar que la influencia de las ideas socialistas en la revolución del medio siglo se manifestó de manera distinta en los liberales gólgotas y en los liberales democrático-igualitarios y los artesanos. Así, los resultados del trabajo evidenciaron que algunos de los postulados socialistas estaban en consonancia con las reformas que los liberales gólgotas consideraban que había que realizar en el país, mientras para los liberales democrático-igualitarios y los artesanos la influencia de estos ideales se manifestó en un pensamiento y una práctica política a favor de la democracia y la igualdad social

Normas y transgresiones: las mujeres y sus familias en las ciudades de Cartagena de Indias y de La Habana (1759-1808)

La presente obra tuvo como objeto de investigación las normas y las transgresiones ocurridas en la vida familiar, en especial de las mujeres, en Cartagena de Indias y La Habana, las principales ciudades puertos del Caribe junto con Veracruz y Portobelo, entre 1759 y 1808. La consulta de una amplia variedad de fuentes localizadas, entre otras instituciones, en el Archivo General de Indias en España, el Archivo General de la Nación en Colombia y el Archivo Nacional de Cuba, así como la aplicación del método de la crítica histórica, permitieron demostrar que la legislación y los discursos producidos por el despotismo ilustrado con el fin de controlar la vida familiar reforzaron la normatividad patriarcal, destinada a consolidar la subordinación femenina ante la autoridad de los varones. Esto generó múltiples situaciones conflictivas y transgresoras, en las que las mujeres asumieron un rol protagónico como una alternativa válida para la defensa de sus derechos

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

El Partido Comunista de Colombia durante la secretaría general de Augusto Durán Ospino (1939-1947)

Introducción La línea política del Partido Comunista de Colombia de 1939 a 1947 y el ideario sociopolítico de su Secretario General, Augusto Durán Ospino se constituye en el tema central de este trabajo, mediante el cual valoramos aristas menos conocidas y publicitadas hasta ahora por la historiografía acerca de esta temática. En primer lugar, debe señalarse que estas investigaciones son bastante escasas. No obstante, se puede mencionar la Historia del Partido Comunista de Colombia, escrita p..

Apuntes para una historia del Partido Socialista Democrático de Colombia (1939-1949)

El presente artículo estudia el Partido Comunista Colombiano entre los años 1939 y 1949, en especial a partir de las ideas postuladas por el secretario de la época: Augusto Durán Ospino. Con el análisis de los seis primeros Congresos, realizados entre 1941 y 1949, así como de la prensa del Partido (Ahora, Diario Popular, Unión Popular, Vanguardia del Pueblo y Guía del Socialista) se pretende explicar lalínea política enarbolada por Durán

Ecos del bicentenario de la Gran Colombia. Notas para un análisis de la génesis del latinoamericanismo

El objetivo de este capítulo es rastrear, en el marco de una historia de las ideas, el proceso de apropiación de la idea de libertad construido por Antonio Nariño como ascendiente ideológico del proceso de independencia de la Nueva Granada. Para esto asumiremos la apropiación como un proceso en el cual converge la recepción, la interpretación y las prácticas de las ideas. Proceso del cual la trayectoria de Nariño es un caso particular e importante, debido a que en su trasegar se pueden evidenciar todos los aspectos de dicha apropiación