Theoretical considerations on dietary fiber in ruminant

Todos os textos, informa??es e resultados apresentados s?o de inteira responsabilidade dos autores.A fibra diet?tica, por sua import?ncia e efetividade aos par?metros nutricionais, desempenha singular fun??o no metabolismo dos animais em especial, nos ruminantes. Esta entidade nutricional representa as fra??es do alimento que oferecem lenta degradabilidade pelos microrganismos ruminais podendo, em algumas situa??es, se apresentar como indiger?vel. As limita??es encontradas pelas enzimas digestivas microbianas possuem alta correla??o com o estado fenol?gico da forrageira, pois quanto maior o grau de lignifica??o da parede celular do volumoso menor o aproveitamento nutricional do alimento. Ratifica-se que mesmo havendo limita??es nutritivas sob algumas circunstancias de natureza fisiol?gica, a fra??o fibrosa possui a singular capacidade em promover o status quo do r?men para o desenvolvimento da flora bacteriana aut?ctone. Deste modo, objetivou-se com esta revis?o de literatura elucidar as defini??es dos diferentes tipos de fibras, seus constituintes e suas fra??es estruturais, as fontes para a alimenta??o animal, efetividade, influ?ncia no consumo e a sua potencial degrada??o no r?men.Dietary fiber, because of its importance and effectiveness to nutritional parameters, plays unique role in the metabolism of animals especially in ruminants. This nutritional entity are the food fractions offering slow degradability by rumen microorganisms could, in some situations, presenting itself as one indigestible. The limitations encountered by microbial digestive enzymes are highly correlated with the phenological state of forage, because the higher the degree of lignin of the cell wall bulky lower utilization of food. The nutritional limitations observed in some cases of physiological nature, the natural fiber descrendeciam no ability to promote the status quo of the rumen to the development of the resident bacterial flora. Thus, the purpose of this review was to discuss the definitions of the different types of fibers, their constituents and their structural fractions, sources for animal feed, effectiveness, influence on consumption and its potential degradation in the rumen

Crude protein of tropical forage legumes grown in silvopastural system and full sol

Todos os textos, informa??es e resultados apresentados s?o de inteira responsabilidade dos autores.Ag?ncia financiadora para a realiza??o desse trabalho: Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG).Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar o teor de prote?na bruta (PB) de tr?s leguminosas forrageiras tropicais cultivadas em dois sistemas: no sub-bosque de sistema silvipastoril (SSP) e a pleno sol. O experimento foi conduzido em Curvelo-MG, na fazenda experimental da UFVJM. Utilizou-se um delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 (SSP e pleno sol) x 3 esp?cies (estilosantes, kudzu tropical e macrotiloma) com 4 repeti??es. O teor de PB foi determinado nas por??es: planta inteira, folha e hastes das tr?s leguminosas forrageiras em fun??o dos tratamentos. Foi observado efeito de esp?cie para as por??es planta inteira e haste (P<0,05), n?o sendo verificado este efeito para a por??o folha. Os maiores teores de PB para planta inteira e haste foram encontrados nas esp?cies kudzu e estilosantes (P<0,05), os quais diferiram do teor de PB apresentado no macrotiloma. Para o teor de PB na folha observou-se efeito da intera??o esp?cie x sistema de cultivo, tendo o macrotiloma apresentado acr?scimo no valor de PB (P<0,05) quando cultivado no sub-bosque do SSP. O sombreamento no sub-bosque do sistema silvipastoril estudado n?o promoveu incremento no teor de prote?na bruta para nenhuma das esp?cies cultivadas.The aim of this study was to evaluate the crude protein (CP) of three tropical forage legumes grown in two systems: the silvopastoral system understory (SSP) and full sun. The experiment was conducted in Curvelo, Minas Gerais at the experimental farm of UFVJM. We used a randomized block design in a factorial 2 (SSP and full sun) x 3 species (estilosantes, tropical kudzu and macrotiloma) with 4 repetitions. The crude protein content was determined in portions: Whole plant, leaves and stems of three forage legumes in the treatments. Kind of effect was observed for whole plant and stem portions (P <0.05), not being checked for this purpose the sheet portion. The higher crude protein content for whole plant and stem were found on kudzu and estilosantes species (P <0.05), which differ from the CP content presented in macrotiloma. For the PB content in the leaf it was observed effect of interaction species x cropping system, with the macrotiloma presented increase in the amount of CP (P <0.05) when grown in SSP understory. The shading in the understory of the silvopastoral system studied did not promote increase in crude protein content for any of the cultivated species

A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N=10,535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported β=0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported β=0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates

A Many-analysts Approach to the Relation Between Religiosity and Well-being

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N = 10, 535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported β = 0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported β = 0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates

Cabbage and fermented vegetables : From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.Peer reviewe

Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19 : time for research to develop adaptation strategies

There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPAR gamma:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NF kappa B: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2 alpha:Elongation initiation factor 2 alpha). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT(1)R axis (AT(1)R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity

Forward-central two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5 2GeV/c. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B. V.Peer reviewe

Event-shape engineering for inclusive spectra and elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV

Peer reviewe

Azimuthal anisotropy of charged jet production in root s(NN)=2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions

We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as nu(ch)(2) (jet). Jet finding is performed employing the anti-k(T) algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero nu(ch)(2) (jet) is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50% centrality) for 20 <p(T)(ch) (jet) <90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the nu(2) of single charged particles at high p(T). Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe