Towards the Application of Artificial Estimation by the Public Administration in Government Sectors

Due to the extraordinary emergency conditions that countries face and affect the performance of administrative authorities and their ability to provide services in public facilities, there is no doubt the emergency conditions that the world is witnessing at the present time, such as the Corona pandemic, has established the necessity towards the development of administrative authorities’ agencies for their digital utilities. And the use of artificial intelligence technologies and their development to enable them to make an administrative decision instead of the human employee. Then the question arises: Can we, in light of the technological developments that we live now, use artificial intelligence techniques to automate administrative activities to be completed in whole or in part through technical programs that accomplish administrative treatment with artificial discretion without the intervention of the human employee? Is it possible to find an electronic device or application that acts as an agent for the administrative authorities and is considered part of it that accomplishes the transaction by programming it with data and information that enables it to estimate the extent of the applicant\u27s entitlement to the service provided and then issue a decision? Can we use artificial intelligence applications that allow self-learning to apply and make it perform administrative work that exceeds the work of the human employee? Are applications of artificial assessment suitable in all administrative work, or are there any of them that require maintaining the presence of the human employee? Could artificial discretion applications be a means of controlling the public discretion of a public employee that is sometimes used arbitrarily toward the public

Constitutional Right of the Individual in the Environment between the Differences in Jurisprudence (Fiqh) and the Judiciary Orientations: First Section

The individual and the environment are considered as an integrated unit that we cannot imagine the existence of one without the existence of the other, so the international community became more aware that the protection of the environment is necessary for its survival, that made both states and international organizations contribute efforts in order to develop their legislations to protect the environment from all forms of degradation, pollution and to ensure life in sound and stable environment; through development and concluding international agreements dealing with this issues. With the existence of the individual rights in healthy environment appears in relevant with the Stockholm Declaration of 1972, a significant jurisprudential debate about the content and classification of environmental right appeared, since environmental protection, before the announcement of Stockholm Declaration has only a legislative value, and the main aim of this legislation focused only on the organizing of resource exploitation natural without paying attention to the negative effects of the serious environmental and health of the individual. The Recognition of the constitutional value of the right to the environment as one of the fundamental rights of human rights in the constitutions of states, has seen a lot of controversy among legal jurists, the main debates focused on the feasibility of providing it in the constitution, while some Jurists declined to give constitutional value to it, on the basis that it does not rise to the level of constitutional right . A majority of Jurists supported the idea of giving constitutional value of it. The aim in this part of the research analyzes all of the opinions of Jurists about the recognition of the rights of individuals in the environment, after that we will expose in the second part of the research the constitutional role of the judiciary for recognition of environmental human right

Constitutional Right of the Individual in the Environment: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Fiqh and the Trends of the Judiciary

The second part of the research aims to study the situation of the constitutional judiciary in many of the comparison countries concerning the recognition of the constitutional value of the environmental human right as one of the fundamental human rights in the constitutions of states, which its legal system belong to the common law, such as the United States, United Kingdom, as well as some of the Indian sub-continent, or its legal system belongs to Latin law, such as France, as well we will try to concentrate on the situation of the international courts concerning that right especially the European court of justice and the European court of human rights. With reference to situation of some Arab countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) in terms of the extent of adoption, the environmental right to the individuals

Towards the Application of Artificial Estimation by the Public Administration in Government Sectors

Due to the extraordinary emergency conditions that countries face and affect the performance of administrative authorities and their ability to provide services in public facilities, there is no doubt the emergency conditions that the world is witnessing at the present time, such as the Corona pandemic, has established the necessity towards the development of administrative authorities’ agencies for their digital utilities. And the use of artificial intelligence technologies and their development to enable them to make an administrative decision instead of the human employee. Then the question arises: Can we, in light of the technological developments that we live now, use artificial intelligence techniques to automate administrative activities to be completed in whole or in part through technical programs that accomplish administrative treatment with artificial discretion without the intervention of the human employee? Is it possible to find an electronic device or application that acts as an agent for the administrative authorities and is considered part of it that accomplishes the transaction by programming it with data and information that enables it to estimate the extent of the applicant\u27s entitlement to the service provided and then issue a decision? Can we use artificial intelligence applications that allow self-learning to apply and make it perform administrative work that exceeds the work of the human employee? Are applications of artificial assessment suitable in all administrative work, or are there any of them that require maintaining the presence of the human employee? Could artificial discretion applications be a means of controlling the public discretion of a public employee that is sometimes used arbitrarily toward the public

Nephroprotective Role of Combined Sitagliptin and Oleuropein in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: Regulation of SDF-1α/Nrf2/ HO-1 Axis and Autophagy

Background: Accumulating evidence proves that cisplatin, a widely used anticancer, causes acute kidney injury (AKI). Sitagliptin (Sita), a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor, is a hypoglycemic agent that can promote tissue angiogenesis and cell survival. However, little is known about the nephroprotective effect of Sita in cisplatin-induced AKI especially its effect on SDF-1α, usually degraded by DPP4. Meanwhile, the olive oil component oleuropein (Ole) activates Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) axis, which ultimately leads to SDF-1α activation. Herein, we studied the nephroprotective effects of combined Sita and Ole on oxidative stress and autophagy through SDF-1α/Nrf2/ HO-1 axis in cisplatin-induced AKI in rats. Methods: AKI was induced in vivo through single IP injection of cisplatin (7 mg/kg), while Sita (10 mg/kg) and Ole (16 mg/kg) were given separately and in combination for 7 days prior and 5 days after cisplatin injection. AKI was assessed through histopathological examination, measurement of serum creatinine and urea. Also, serum GLP-1, serum and kidney SDF-1α levels were measured by ELISA. LC3-II, P62, HO-1, Nrf2, and caspase-3 were investigated by western blotting. Results: Sita and Ole monotherapy and in combination accelerated kidney recovery as they suppress serum SDF-1α, serum BUN, creatinine and renal histopathological features. Each of Sita and Ole enhanced Nrf2/HO-1axis in renal tissues while only Sita enhanced renal SDF-1α. Sita and Ole monotherapy showed incompetent autophagy where the late steps of autophagy were incomplete. Combined treatment enhanced SDF-1α in kidney tissue which showed recovery through autophagy process. Conclusion: Sita and Ole show promising nephroprotective effects in cisplatin-induced AK

Effects of L-carnitine and cryodevices on the vitrification and developmental competence of invitro fertilized buffalo oocytes

In the current, study the effect of the addition of L-carnitine (LC) in in vitro maturation (IVM) medium for buffalo oocytes and different cryo-devices on developmental competence. They were matured in IVM medium supplemented with 0.0, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/mL of LC and vitrified by using either straw (ST), open pulled-straw (OPS), solid surface vitrification (SSV). The effects of LC during invitro fertilization and invitro culture on the developmental potential were examined. ST showed a higher recovery rate when using 0.6 mg/ml; viability rate (VR) when using 0.3mg/ml and lower zona pellucida (ZP) and cytoplasmic abnormalities when using 1.2 mg/ml LC (P<0.05). OPS showed a higher recovery and viability rates when using 0.3 mg (P<0.05). SSD showed a higher recovery and VR when using 0.6 mg/ml LC (P<0.05). Maturation and fertilization rates were increased when using 0.3 mg LC and OPS (P<0.05). Cleavage was increased in 0.3 (OPS) and 0.6 mg LC (SSD). The blastocyst rate was increased in 0.3 (OPS) and 0.6 mg/ml (SSD) (P< 0.05). In conclusion, 0.3 mg/ml LC and OPS gives a higher recovery and viability rates but 0.6 mg/ml LC and of both SSD and ST gives a higher recovery and viability rates

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

The Epidemiology and Outcome of Biliary Atresia: Saudi Arabian National Study (2000–2018)

BackgroundThe epidemiology and outcomes of biliary atresia (BA) have been well-documented in national cohorts from two main ethnicities, namely, the Asian Orientals and Caucasians, with incidence ranging from 1 in 5,000 to 1 in 9,000 live births in East Asia and 1 in 15,000 to 19,000 live births in Europe and North America.ObjectiveWe report the first nationwide BA study outside North America, Europe, and East Asia to describe the epidemiology and outcomes of BA in Saudi Arabia.MethodsA national database of BA cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2018 was analyzed. We assessed clearance of jaundice (bilirubin <20 μmol/L) in all cases that underwent Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE). We then estimated survival using the Kaplan–Meier method with endpoints of liver transplantation (LT), death, or survival with native liver (SNL).ResultsBA was diagnosed in 204 infants (106 females; 10% pre-term). The incidence of BA was 1 in 44,365, or 2.254 in 100,000 live births (range, 0.5–4 in 100,000). Polysplenia was diagnosed in 22 cases (11%). The median age at referral was 65 days. A total of 146 children (71.5%) underwent KPE at a median age of 70 days. Clearance of jaundice was achieved in 66 of the 146 (45%) infants. The 10-year SNL after KPE was 25.5%, and the overall 10-year estimated survival was 72.5%. The Kaplan–Meier survival curves for patients undergoing KPE at the age of <60, 61–90, and >90 days showed a SNL rate at 51.6, 33, and 12.5%, respectively, at 5 years (P < 0.001). The 2-, 5-, and 10-year post-LT survival rates were 92.5, 90.6, and 90%, respectively. Undergoing an initial KPE did not impact negatively on the overall LT survival rate when compared to BA cases that underwent primary LT (P = 0.88).ConclusionThe incidence rate of BA in Saudi Arabia is lower than the incidence reported elsewhere. Late referral of BA cases remains a problem in Saudi Arabia; as a result, the SNL rate was lower than reported by other national registries. Hence, national policies devoted to timely referral and earlier age at KPE are needed

Neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Objectives Although substantial reductions in under-5 mortality have been observed during the past 35 years, progress in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) has been uneven. This paper provides an overview of child mortality and morbidity in the EMR based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Methods We used GBD 2015 study results to explore under-5 mortality and morbidity in EMR countries. Results In 2015, 755,844 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 712,064–801,565) children under 5 died in the EMR. In the early neonatal category, deaths in the EMR decreased by 22.4%, compared to 42.4% globally. The rate of years of life lost per 100,000 population under 5 decreased 54.38% from 177,537 (173,812–181,463) in 1990 to 80,985 (76,308–85,876) in 2015; the rate of years lived with disability decreased by 0.57% in the EMR compared to 9.97% globally. Conclusions Our findings call for accelerated action to decrease child morbidity and mortality in the EMR. Governments and organizations should coordinate efforts to address this burden. Political commitment is needed to ensure that child health receives the resources needed to end preventable deaths