Neanderthal diets in central and southeastern Mediterranean Iberia

During recent decades, Neanderthal diet has been a major research topic in palaeoanthropology. This has been accelerated by the maturation of different techniques, which have produced a plethora of new information. However, this proliferation of data has led to confusing and contradictory results. Furthermore, most of the ecological dietary studies have been carried out on specimens drawn from different time periods and regions, almost exclusively those characterized by cold, open environmental conditions. Subsistence models based on these fragmentary data have been applied to Neanderthals living in a variety of different regions and environments, even though their dietary strategies may have been as variable as regions they inhabited. In this paper we integrate different dietary approaches (studies of the zooarchaeology, stable isotopes and plant remains) from the central and southeastern Mediterranean coast of Iberia in order to develop a broader and more complex picture of Neanderthal diet in different Mediterranean environmental conditions. Our results suggest that there may have been some minor dietary variation due to climatic or environmental differences, but that Neanderthal diet focussed on large terrestrial game, supplemented by plant foods when these were available

Evidences of Interaction Homo-Cuon in three Upper Pleistocene Sites of the Iberian Mediterranean Central Region

Several cuon bones were discovered recently in three Upper Pleistocene archeological sites in the central area of the Iberian Mediterranean. This has proved that there were different types of interactions between dholes and prehistoric human groups. Firstly, evidence found in the archeological sites of Cova Negra and Coves de Santa Maira shows the use of carcasses of dholes by human hunter-gatherers. Secondly, the dhole remains recovered in Cova del Parpalló shows the dholes and humans could occupy the same habitat. In this case, the dhole died by natural causes in a small and isolated gallery before the human groups occupied the cave during the gravettian period. Associated with the dhole bones, there were also many ungulate mammal remains found. Some of these bones shows carnivore tooth marks. Due to these findings, we can presume that the dhole might have been the predator responsible for the bones discovered within the chamber. With the data provided we can come to the conclusion that this species had a more prominent role than we originally thought

Rabbit role in prehistoric human diet: a review from the Iberian Mediterranean central region

Los restos de conejo (Oryctolagus cuniculus) son muy abundantes en los conjuntos de fauna de los yacimientos arqueológicos del Pleistoceno y Holoceno inicial del Mediterráneo ibérico. En este sentido se presenta una revisión de los datos disponibles sobre el consumo humano de este lagomorfo desde el Paleolítico medio hasta el Mesolítico en la zona central del Mediterráneo ibérico. Se hace un repaso a los conjuntos de conejo y a los estudios tafonómicos desarrollados para definir su importancia en las dietas humanas. Aunque existen datos del consumo de estas presas desde el Paleolítico medio en este ámbito geográfico, es durante el Paleolítico superior y Epipaleolítico cuando este recurso es incorporado a las dietas humanas de forma destacada. El consumo intenso de estos recursos por parte de los humanos anatómicamente modernos se relaciona con un modelo de gestión del territorio de menor movilidad que el practicado por los neandertale

Genomic diversity of bacteriophages infecting Microbacterium spp

The bacteriophage population is vast, dynamic, old, and genetically diverse. The genomics of phages that infect bacterial hosts in the phylum Actinobacteria show them to not only be diverse but also pervasively mosaic, and replete with genes of unknown function. To further explore this broad group of bacteriophages, we describe here the isolation and genomic characterization of 116 phages that infect Microbacterium spp. Most of the phages are lytic, and can be grouped into twelve clusters according to their overall relatedness; seven of the phages are singletons with no close relatives. Genome sizes vary from 17.3 kbp to 97.7 kbp, and their G+C% content ranges from 51.4% to 71.4%, compared to ~67% for their Microbacterium hosts. The phages were isolated on five different Microbacterium species, but typically do not efficiently infect strains beyond the one on which they were isolated. These Microbacterium phages contain many novel features, including very large viral genes (13.5 kbp) and unusual fusions of structural proteins, including a fusion of VIP2 toxin and a MuF-like protein into a single gene. These phages and their genetic components such as integration systems, recombineering tools, and phage-mediated delivery systems, will be useful resources for advancing Microbacterium genetics

Genomic diversity of bacteriophages infecting Microbacterium spp

The bacteriophage population is vast, dynamic, old, and genetically diverse. The genomics of phages that infect bacterial hosts in the phylum Actinobacteria show them to not only be diverse but also pervasively mosaic, and replete with genes of unknown function. To further explore this broad group of bacteriophages, we describe here the isolation and genomic characterization of 116 phages that infect Microbacterium spp. Most of the phages are lytic, and can be grouped into twelve clusters according to their overall relatedness; seven of the phages are singletons with no close relatives. Genome sizes vary from 17.3 kbp to 97.7 kbp, and their G+C% content ranges from 51.4% to 71.4%, compared to ~67% for their Microbacterium hosts. The phages were isolated on five different Microbacterium species, but typically do not efficiently infect strains beyond the one on which they were isolated. These Microbacterium phages contain many novel features, including very large viral genes (13.5 kbp) and unusual fusions of structural proteins, including a fusion of VIP2 toxin and a MuF-like protein into a single gene. These phages and their genetic components such as integration systems, recombineering tools, and phage-mediated delivery systems, will be useful resources for advancing Microbacterium genetics

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Collaborative National Study Using Molecular Techniques to Detect Hepatitis A Virus, and Virulence Factor Genes in E. Coli: Hawaii Matching Study

Department of Wastewater Management; National Water Research Institute: agreement number: contract no. C2307

Evidencias de interacción Homo-Cuon en diversos yacimientos del Pleistoceno superior de la zona central del Mediterráneo ibérico

Los nuevos restos óseos del género Cuon determinados en varios yacimientos arqueológicos del Pleistoceno superior de la zona central del Mediterráneo ibérico prueban la existencia de diversas formas de interacción entre estos carnívoros y los grupos humanos prehistóricos. Se pone de manifiesto, por un lado, la capacidad del cuón para acumular los restos de sus presas (caza y/o carroñeo) durante fases de competencia con los grupos humanos por la ocupación de las cavidades, como puede ser el caso de los niveles basales de la Cova del Parpalló, y por otro, la existencia de acciones antrópicas de predación y/o procesado sobre las carcasas de estos cánidos (Cova Negra y Coves de Santa Maira). La aparición de restos de cuón en contextos de diversa cronología parece otorgar a este carnívoro un papel más relevante que el asignado hasta el momento, sobre todo en comparación con otras especies como la hiena o el lobo. En relación a las atribuciones taxonómicas de grandes cánidos realizadas en yacimientos arqueológicos pleistocenos, parece necesario llevar a cabo una revisión de los conjuntos que podría confirmar esta hipótesis

Genome Sequence of the Soybean Symbiont Sinorhizobium fredii HH103

Weidner S, Becker A, Bonilla I, et al. Genome Sequence of the Soybean Symbiont Sinorhizobium fredii HH103. Journal of Bacteriology. 2012;194(6):1617-1618