Transformando enseñanzas presenciales en semipresenciales: un ejemplo, la especialidad de Formación y Orientación Laboral en el Máster en Formación del Profesorado. Protocolo de actuación, evaluación y nuevos diseños para la docencia universitaria

Fac. de Ciencias Políticas y SociologíaFALSEsubmitte

Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain

ience, this issue p. eaap8757 Structured Abstract INTRODUCTION Brain disorders may exhibit shared symptoms and substantial epidemiological comorbidity, inciting debate about their etiologic overlap. However, detailed study of phenotypes with different ages of onset, severity, and presentation poses a considerable challenge. Recently developed heritability methods allow us to accurately measure correlation of genome-wide common variant risk between two phenotypes from pools of different individuals and assess how connected they, or at least their genetic risks, are on the genomic level. We used genome-wide association data for 265,218 patients and 784,643 control participants, as well as 17 phenotypes from a total of 1,191,588 individuals, to quantify the degree of overlap for genetic risk factors of 25 common brain disorders. RATIONALE Over the past century, the classification of brain disorders has evolved to reflect the medical and scientific communities' assessments of the presumed root causes of clinical phenomena such as behavioral change, loss of motor function, or alterations of consciousness. Directly observable phenomena (such as the presence of emboli, protein tangles, or unusual electrical activity patterns) generally define and separate neurological disorders from psychiatric disorders. Understanding the genetic underpinnings and categorical distinctions for brain disorders and related phenotypes may inform the search for their biological mechanisms. RESULTS Common variant risk for psychiatric disorders was shown to correlate significantly, especially among attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia. By contrast, neurological disorders appear more distinct from one another and from the psychiatric disorders, except for migraine, which was significantly correlated to ADHD, MDD, and Tourette syndrome. We demonstrate that, in the general population, the personality trait neuroticism is significantly correlated with almost every psychiatric disorder and migraine. We also identify significant genetic sharing between disorders and early life cognitive measures (e.g., years of education and college attainment) in the general population, demonstrating positive correlation with several psychiatric disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa and bipolar disorder) and negative correlation with several neurological phenotypes (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke), even though the latter are considered to result from specific processes that occur later in life. Extensive simulations were also performed to inform how statistical power, diagnostic misclassification, and phenotypic heterogeneity influence genetic correlations. CONCLUSION The high degree of genetic correlation among many of the psychiatric disorders adds further evidence that their current clinical boundaries do not reflect distinct underlying pathogenic processes, at least on the genetic level. This suggests a deeply interconnected nature for psychiatric disorders, in contrast to neurological disorders, and underscores the need to refine psychiatric diagnostics. Genetically informed analyses may provide important "scaffolding" to support such restructuring of psychiatric nosology, which likely requires incorporating many levels of information. By contrast, we find limited evidence for widespread common genetic risk sharing among neurological disorders or across neurological and psychiatric disorders. We show that both psychiatric and neurological disorders have robust correlations with cognitive and personality measures. Further study is needed to evaluate whether overlapping genetic contributions to psychiatric pathology may influence treatment choices. Ultimately, such developments may pave the way toward reduced heterogeneity and improved diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders

Genomic Relationships, Novel Loci, and Pleiotropic Mechanisms across Eight Psychiatric Disorders

Genetic influences on psychiatric disorders transcend diagnostic boundaries, suggesting substantial pleiotropy of contributing loci. However, the nature and mechanisms of these pleiotropic effects remain unclear. We performed analyses of 232,964 cases and 494,162 controls from genome-wide studies of anorexia nervosa, attention-deficit/hyper-activity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome. Genetic correlation analyses revealed a meaningful structure within the eight disorders, identifying three groups of inter-related disorders. Meta-analysis across these eight disorders detected 109 loci associated with at least two psychiatric disorders, including 23 loci with pleiotropic effects on four or more disorders and 11 loci with antagonistic effects on multiple disorders. The pleiotropic loci are located within genes that show heightened expression in the brain throughout the lifespan, beginning prenatally in the second trimester, and play prominent roles in neurodevelopmental processes. These findings have important implications for psychiatric nosology, drug development, and risk prediction.Peer reviewe

Concertación social : ¿alternativa o imperativo?

Inicia la serie Intercampus, destinada a la reflexión que, desde la Universidad, ha de contribuir a la formación de la institucionalidad en el Perú. La reflexión está a cargo de Alfonso Grados Bertorini, Ministro de Trabajo; y aborda, precisamente, el problema de concertar para facilitar las realizaciones y fomentar la participación

Viabilidad del desarrollo social en América Latina

Reflexiona sobre las posibilidades de una modalidad de desarrollo integral que haga viable la obtencion del objetivo del crecimiento economico con desarrollo social, poniendo enfasis en las situaciones problematicas criticas que deben tener prioridad y en los instrumentos de la concertacion y de la participacion de todos los sectores como pilares fundamentales de los esfuerzos a emprender

PID control and estimation of the attitude model applied to geostationary satellites

The estimation of Systems is based on the analysis of data obtained after experimenting about the behavior of a real process in response to an external disturbance in order to find a scheme that allows the mathematical stages to be modeled. This is the importance of its in-depth study, since if it is carried out correctly, re-directing resources to other fields is one of the many benefits of its application. This PhD thesis seeks to highlight the importance of correcting the displacements that satellites in orbit may experience, due to the influence of various agents, both of their own functioning and those generated by the environment in which they operate, that is why the technique of Systems estimation should be presented as a very useful option thanks to the analysis tools of the MATLAB program. The putting in orbit of a team of these characteristics implies investment of strong amounts of time, money and technology; likewise maintain its initial orientation leads to the analysis of new parameters, without mentioning the great problem generated in the orbit of the Earth, if for reasons other than those considered "normal", this orientation varied and the implemented processes did not fulfill their function. The necessary driver for our project is a PID Control since a control law can compensate with the integral and derivative actions. The necessary tool for the development of our controller is from MATLAB. With this tool we can reach our goal, since it shows us the trajectory of the roots, as well as the necessary graphs showing control characteristics such as the maximum overshoot, stabilization time, and percentage of system error, among others