ضمانات «مبدأ عدم تجريد المواطن من جنسيته تعسفاً» في قوانين دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي

تتناول هذه الدراسة «مبدأ عدم تجريد المواطن من جنسيته تعسفًا »، الذي نُص عليه في الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان، وفي العديد من الاتفاقيات الإقليمية. ويرى الباحث أن هذا المبدأ لا يمكن أن يؤتي ثماره في الواقع العملي إلا إذا اقترن بمجموعة من الضمانات. تتمثل هذه الضمانات في تحديد حالات التجريد من الجنسية بأداة تشريعية لا تقل عن «قانون ،» وأن تبين هذه الحالات على وجه التحديد والدقة، وألا يُبنى التجريد تشريعًا أو ممارسةً على التمييز بين الأفراد لأسباب تتعلق بالجنس أو الدين أو العرق أو الطائفة أو اللون أو الرأي السياسي أو غيرها. كما تتمثل هذه الضمانات في أن يكون قرار التجريد من الجنسية شخصيًّا، لا يتعدى من صدر في حقه إلى غيره من أبنائه أو زوجته، وأخيرًا، أن يكون القرار الصادر بالتجريد من الجنسية مكتوبًا ومسببًا، وقابلًا للطعن فيه أمام جهة قضائية مستقلة ومحايدة. حاول الباحث في هذه الدراسة أن يبرز مفهوم كل ضمانة من ضمانات مبدأ عدم تجريد المواطن من جنسيته تعسفًا، ثم بحث في تشريعات دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي الناظمة لأحكام الجنسية عن مدى كفالتها لمثل تلك الضمانات. وقد وجد في تشريعات الجنسية في دول المجلس العديد من الأمثلة على عدم توافقها مع هذه الضمانات، كعدم حصر حالات التجريد على وجه الدقة، واتساعها أمام إدراج أفعال غير متناهية من خلال عبارات فضفاضة كالمصلحة العامة ومصلحة الدولة والإضرار بمصالح البلاد وغيرها. كما وجد مثالًا نادرًا على حالة تجريد بُنيت على التمييز كسحب الجنسية في حال ارتداد الشخص عن دينه. أما بشأن شخصية التجريد وعدم تعديه إلى غيره ممن يتبعه، فلم تكتفِ بعض تشريعات المجلس بقصر هذا الأمر على حالة الحصول على الجنسية عن طريق الغش والتزوير، بل تجاوزته لتسحب الجنسية ممن تحققت في شأنه حالات أخرى أيضًا. وأخيرًا لا تشترط تشريعات دول المجلس تسبيب قرارات سحب الجنسية أو إسقاطها، كما أن بعض هذه التشريعات نص صراحة على عدم اختصاص المحاكم بنظر المسائل المتعلقة بالجنسيةThis article deals with the principle of “arbitrary denaturalization of citizens” as stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in many regional conventions. The author believes that this principle can only be realized in practice if accompanied by a set of guarantees. These guarantees are to identify denaturalization cases with a legislative instrument that is no less than the law, to specifically and accurately identify such cases, and for legislation not to be created based on discriminating practices of individuals on the grounds of sex, religion, race, sect, color, political opinion or other such reasons. These guarantees should also ensure that a denaturalization decision should remain individual and not exceed the targeted person to include other family members such as spouses and children. Finally, the denaturalization decision should be written and justified and challengeable before an independent and impartial judicial body. The author attempted to highlight the concept of every guarantee of the principle of arbitrary denaturalization of a citizen. The legislations of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states governing the provisions of naturalization were then examined to determine the extent of such guarantees. In the naturalization legislations of GCC states, there are many examples of incompatibility with these guarantees, such as the lack of precise definition of denaturalization conditions, which can result from countless causes. Definitions of denaturalization conditions are loosely phrased, such as violations to public interest, the state’s interests, the country’s interests, etc. A rare case of denaturalization recorded based on discrimination was for a person who renounced his religion. As for the individualism of denaturalization and that it should not include subordinates of the targeted person, some GCC legislations do not restrict this to cases of fraudulent or forged naturalization; the move applies to people denaturalized for other reasons. Finally, legislations of GCC states do not require justifying decisions to withdraw or nullify naturalization; some of these legislations expressly state that courts do not have jurisdiction over matters relating to naturalization

قانون العدالة ضد رعاة الإرهاب (جاستا)

أثار قانون العدالة ضد رعاة الإرهاب )جاستا(، كثيرًا من الاهتمام لدى الإعلامين الغربي والعربي، صاحبه كثيرٌ من القلق لدى الدول التي قد يوجَّه هذا القانون ضدها. ويرجع ذلك إلى أن القانون يخل بأهم مبادئ القانون الدولي العام الراسخة والمستقرة، لا سيما تلك المتعلقة بسيادة الدول وحصانتها، حيث يمكن بمقتضى قانون »جاستا« مقاضاتها أمام محاكم الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية بجريرة المساهمة عن عمد أو إهمال في تقديم دعم أو موارد، سواء بشكل مباشر أو غير مباشر، إلى أشخاص أو منظمات تشكل خطرًا داهمًا، أو ارتكبت أعمالًا إرهابية تهدد سلامة مواطني الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية أو أمنها القومي أو سياستها الخارجية أو اقتصادها. قانون» جاستا«، الذي وافق البرلمان على مشروعه، ووجَّه رئيس الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ضده حق الاعتراض (Veto)، وتمكَّن البرلمان من تجاوز اعتراضه وإقرار مشروع القانون ثانية فصدر، هو موضوع هذه الورقة التي تتناول: مراحل إعداده، وأهم الأسباب التي جعلت رئيس الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية يستخدم حق الاعتراض ضده، وأسباب تمكُّن البرلمان من التغلُّب على اعتراض الرئيس، وأهم ما يثير القلق والتساؤلات بشأن هذا القانونThe Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA) has raised a lot of interest in the Western and Arab media, which is of great concern to the countries that may be accused under the law. This is because the law violates the most important, established, and stable principles of public international law, especially those relating to the sovereignty and immunity of states. Under the law, states can be prosecuted in the courts of the United States of America for alleged deliberate or negligent support of persons or organizations that commit terrorist acts that threaten the safety and national security of the citizens of the United States of America. JASTA was approved by both houses of the U.S. Congress, but the President of the United States of America vetoed the law. The U.S. Congress overrode the objection of the President, allowing the Act to become law. This paper deals with the stages of the preparation of this law and the most important reasons that made the President of the United States use the right of veto against it, the reasons the U.S. Congress overrode the President’s objection, and the most important concerns and questions about this law

Molecular identification of adenoviruses associated with respiratory infection in Egypt from 2003 to 2010.

BACKGROUND: Human adenoviruses of species B, C, and E (HAdV-B, -C, -E) are frequent causative agents of acute respiratory infections worldwide. As part of a surveillance program aimed at identifying the etiology of influenza-like illness (ILI) in Egypt, we characterized 105 adenovirus isolates from clinical samples collected between 2003 and 2010. METHODS: Identification of the isolates as HAdV was accomplished by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and confirmed by a set of species and type specific polymerase chain reactions (PCR). RESULTS: Of the 105 isolates, 42% were identified as belonging to HAdV-B, 60% as HAdV-C, and 1% as HAdV-E. We identified a total of six co-infections by PCR, of which five were HAdV-B/HAdV-C co-infections, and one was a co-infection of two HAdV-C types: HAdV-5/HAdV-6. Molecular typing by PCR enabled the identification of eight genotypes of human adenoviruses; HAdV-3 (n = 22), HAdV-7 (n = 14), HAdV-11 (n = 8), HAdV-1 (n = 22), HAdV-2 (20), HAdV-5 (n = 15), HAdV-6 (n = 3) and HAdV-4 (n = 1). The most abundant species in the characterized collection of isolates was HAdV-C, which is concordant with existing data for worldwide epidemiology of HAdV respiratory infections. CONCLUSIONS: We identified three species, HAdV-B, -C and -E, among patients with ILI over the course of 7 years in Egypt, with at least eight diverse types circulating

A Randomized Open-Label Trial of Artesunate- Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine with or without Primaquine for Elimination of Sub-Microscopic P. falciparum Parasitaemia and Gametocyte Carriage in Eastern Sudan

In areas of seasonal malaria transmission, treatment of asymptomatic carriers of malaria parasites, whose parasitaemia persists at low densities throughout the dry season, could be a useful strategy for malaria control. We carried out a randomized trial to compare two drug regimens for clearance of parasitaemia in order to identify the optimum regimen for use in mass drug administration in the dry season.A two-arm open-label randomized controlled trial was conducted during the dry season in an area of distinct seasonal malaria in two villages in Gedarif State in eastern Sudan. Participants were asymptomatic adults and children aged over 6 months, with low-density P. falciparum infection detected by PCR. Participants were randomized to receive artesunate/sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS+SP) combination for three days with or without a dose of primaquine (PQ) on the fourth day. Parasitaemia detected by PCR on days 3, 7 and 14 after the start of treatment and gametocytes detected by RT-PCR on days 7 and 14 were then recorded. 104 individuals who had low density parasitaemia at screening were randomized and treated during the dry season. On day 7, 8.3% were positive by PCR in the AS+SP+PQ group and 6.5% in the AS+SP group (risk difference 1.8%, 95%CI -10.3% to +13.8%). At enrolment, 12% (12/100) were carrying gametocytes. This was reduced to 6.4% and 4.4% by day 14 (Risk difference 1.9% (95%CI -9.3% to +13.2%) in AS+SP+PQ and AS+SP groups, respectively.Addition of primaquine to artemisinin combination treatment did not improve elimination of parasitaemia and prevention of gametocyte carriage in carriers with low-density parasitaemia in the dry season.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00330902

A preliminary screening and characterization of suitable acids for sandstone matrix acidizing technique: a comprehensive review

Matrix acidizing is a broadly developed technique in sandstone stimulation to improve the permeability and porosity of a bottom-hole well. The most popular acid used is mud acid (HF–HCl). It is a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid. However, one of the conventional problems in sandstone acidizing is that mud acid faces significant issues at high temperature such as rapid rate of reaction, resulting in early acid consumption. This downside has given a negative impact to sandstone acidizing as it will result in not only permeability reduction, but can even extend to acid treatment failure. So, the aim of this study is to provide a preliminary screening and comparison of different acids based on the literature to optimize the acid selection, and targeting various temperatures of sandstone environment. This paper has comprehensively reviewed the experimental works using different acids to understand the chemical reactions and transport properties of acid in sandstone environment. The results obtained indicated that fluoroboric acid (HBF4) could be useful in enhancing the sandstone acidizing process, although more studies are still required to consolidate this conclusion. HBF4 is well known as a low damaging acid for sandstone acidizing due to its slow hydrolytic reaction to produce HF. This would allow deeper penetration of the acid into the sandstone formation at a slower rate, resulting in higher porosity and permeability enhancement. Nevertheless, little is known about the effective temperature working range for a successful treatment. Considering the pros and cons of different acids, particularly those which are associated with HF and HBF4, it is recommended to perform a comprehensive analysis to determine the optimum temperature range and effective working window for sandstone acidizing before treatment operation. Prior to sandstone acid stimulation, it is essential to predict the feasibility of acid selected by integrating the effects of temperature, acid concentration and injection rate. Therefore, this manuscript has thrown light into the research significance of further studies

Suppressing molecular motions for enhanced room-temperature phosphorescence of metal-free organic materials

Metal-free organic phosphorescent materials are attractive alternatives to the predominantly used organometallic phosphors but are generally dimmer and are relatively rare, as, without heavy-metal atoms, spin-orbit coupling is less efficient and phosphorescence usually cannot compete with radiationless relaxation processes. Here we present a general design rule and a method to effectively reduce radiationless transitions and hence greatly enhance phosphorescence efficiency of metal-free organic materials in a variety of amorphous polymer matrices, based on the restriction of molecular motions in the proximity of embedded phosphors. Covalent cross-linking between phosphors and polymer matrices via Diels-Alder click chemistry is devised as a method. A sharp increase in phosphorescence quantum efficiency is observed in a variety of polymer matrices with this method, which is ca. two to five times higher than that of phosphor-doped polymer systems having no such covalent linkage.ope

Genome of the Avirulent Human-Infective Trypanosome—Trypanosoma rangeli

Background: Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite infecting humans and other wild and domestic mammals across Central and South America. It does not cause human disease, but it can be mistaken for the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. We have sequenced the T. rangeli genome to provide new tools for elucidating the distinct and intriguing biology of this species and the key pathways related to interaction with its arthropod and mammalian hosts.  Methodology/Principal Findings: The T. rangeli haploid genome is ,24 Mb in length, and is the smallest and least repetitive trypanosomatid genome sequenced thus far. This parasite genome has shorter subtelomeric sequences compared to those of T. cruzi and T. brucei; displays intraspecific karyotype variability and lacks minichromosomes. Of the predicted 7,613 protein coding sequences, functional annotations could be determined for 2,415, while 5,043 are hypothetical proteins, some with evidence of protein expression. 7,101 genes (93%) are shared with other trypanosomatids that infect humans. An ortholog of the dcl2 gene involved in the T. brucei RNAi pathway was found in T. rangeli, but the RNAi machinery is non-functional since the other genes in this pathway are pseudogenized. T. rangeli is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, a phenotype that may be explained by a smaller number of anti-oxidant defense enzymes and heatshock proteins.  Conclusions/Significance: Phylogenetic comparison of nuclear and mitochondrial genes indicates that T. rangeli and T. cruzi are equidistant from T. brucei. In addition to revealing new aspects of trypanosome co-evolution within the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, comparative genomic analysis with pathogenic trypanosomatids provides valuable new information that can be further explored with the aim of developing better diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic targets

Revisiting the circulation time of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: molecular detection methods to estimate the duration of gametocyte carriage and the effect of gametocytocidal drugs

BACKGROUND: There is renewed acknowledgement that targeting gametocytes is essential for malaria control and elimination efforts. Simple mathematical models were fitted to data from clinical trials in order to determine the mean gametocyte circulation time and duration of gametocyte carriage in treated malaria patients. METHODS: Data were used from clinical trials from East Africa. The first trial compared non-artemisinin combination therapy (non-ACT: sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) plus amodiaquine) and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT: SP plus artesunate (AS) or artemether-lumefantrine). The second trial compared ACT (SP+AS) with ACT in combination with a single dose of primaquine (ACT-PQ: SP+AS+PQ). Mature gametocytes were quantified in peripheral blood samples by nucleic acid sequence based amplification. A simple deterministic compartmental model was fitted to gametocyte densities to estimate the circulation time per gametocyte; a similar model was fitted to gametocyte prevalences to estimate the duration of gametocyte carriage after efficacious treatment. RESULTS: The mean circulation time of gametocytes was 4.6-6.5 days. After non-ACT treatment, patients were estimated to carry gametocytes for an average of 55 days (95% CI 28.7 - 107.7). ACT reduced the duration of gametocyte carriage fourfold to 13.4 days (95% CI 10.2-17.5). Addition of PQ to ACT resulted in a further fourfold reduction of the duration of gametocyte carriage. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm previous estimates of the circulation time of gametocytes, but indicate a much longer duration of (low density) gametocyte carriage after apparently successful clearance of asexual parasites. ACT shortened the period of gametocyte carriage considerably, and had the most pronounced effect on mature gametocytes when combined with PQ

The Burden of Primary Liver Cancer and Underlying Etiologies From 1990 to 2015 at the Global, Regional, and National Level Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Akinyemiju T, Abera S, Ahmed M, et al. The Burden of Primary Liver Cancer and Underlying Etiologies From 1990 to 2015 at the Global, Regional, and National Level Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. JAMA ONCOLOGY. 2017;3(12):1683-1691.IMPORTANCE Liver cancer is among the leading causes of cancer deaths globally. The most common causes for liver cancer include hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and alcohol use. OBJECTIVE To report results of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study on primary liver cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 195 countries or territories from 1990 to 2015, and present global, regional, and national estimates on the burden of liver cancer attributable to HBV, HCV, alcohol, and an " other" group that encompasses residual causes. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS Mortalitywas estimated using vital registration and cancer registry data in an ensemble modeling approach. Single-cause mortality estimates were adjusted for all-cause mortality. Incidence was derived from mortality estimates and the mortality-to-incidence ratio. Through a systematic literature review, data on the proportions of liver cancer due to HBV, HCV, alcohol, and other causes were identified. Years of life lost were calculated by multiplying each death by a standard life expectancy. Prevalence was estimated using mortality-to-incidence ratio as surrogate for survival. Total prevalence was divided into 4 sequelae that were multiplied by disability weights to derive years lived with disability (YLDs). DALYs were the sum of years of life lost and YLDs. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Liver cancer mortality, incidence, YLDs, years of life lost, DALYs by etiology, age, sex, country, and year. RESULTS There were 854 000 incident cases of liver cancer and 810 000 deaths globally in 2015, contributing to 20 578 000 DALYs. Cases of incident liver cancer increased by 75% between 1990 and 2015, of which 47% can be explained by changing population age structures, 35% by population growth, and -8% to changing age-specific incidence rates. The male-to-female ratio for age-standardized liver cancer mortality was 2.8. Globally, HBV accounted for 265 000 liver cancer deaths (33%), alcohol for 245 000 (30%), HCV for 167 000 (21%), and other causes for 133 000 (16%) deaths, with substantial variation between countries in the underlying etiologies. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Liver cancer is among the leading causes of cancer deaths in many countries. Causes of liver cancer differ widely among populations. Our results show that most cases of liver cancer can be prevented through vaccination, antiviral treatment, safe blood transfusion and injection practices, as well as interventions to reduce excessive alcohol use. In line with the Sustainable Development Goals, the identification and elimination of risk factors for liver cancer will be required to achieve a sustained reduction in liver cancer burden. The GBD study can be used to guide these prevention efforts