Microfacies Analysis and Depositional Environment of Middle Jurassic Samana Suk Formation, Chichali Nala Section, Surghar Range, Pakistan

The Middle Jurassic age Samana Suk Formation, exposed in Chichali Nala section of Surghar ranges has been investigated by field work, petrographic study and XRD analysis to understand the microfacies, depositional environment and fault related dolomitization of the Samana Suk Formation. This formation is widely distributed in the upper Indus basin of Pakistan and considered the most prominent stratigraphic unit of the Jurassic period. The project area lies in the Chichali Nala Section of Surghar range (Trans Indus Salt Ranges). In this section, Samana Suk Formation constitutes the lithology of carbonate having CaCo3 as a major mineral, where dolomite is present in minor amount, which is restricted to fluids along fault zone. During the study two major microfacies have been identified including the Grainstone microfacies and Mudstone-Wackestone microfacies. Samana Suk. Formation was formed under stormy influence in the environment of deposition of Formation. Its depositional environment is the inner-middle shelf which suggests the marine shelf depositional environment

Standing on the shoulder of a giant landslide:A six-year long InSAR look at a slow-moving hillslope in the western Karakoram

In this work, we investigate a slow-moving, large landslide (∼20 km2) in the Chitral district in Northern Pakistan, near several villages. The slow-moving landslide was reported more than four decades ago but has never been examined afterward. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) analyses, using Sentinel-1 data that span a period of six years, allowed us to retrieve the spatio-temporal pattern of hillslope deformation. We combined both ascending and descending orbits to identify vertical and horizontal deformations. Our results showed that the crown is moving relatively fast in comparison to the nearby regions; 30 mm/year and 40 mm/year in downward and eastward directions, respectively. Also, step-like deformations observed over the crown reflect a deep-seated landslide. At the footslope, on the other hand, we captured relatively high deformations but in an upward direction; specifically 30 mm/year and 30 mm/year in upward and eastward directions, respectively. We have discussed the possible roles of meteorologic and anthropogenic factors causing hillslope deformation occurred during the six-year period under consideration. We observed a seasonal deformation patterns that might be mainly interpreted to be governed by the influence of snowmelt due to increasing temperatures during the start of spring. Overall, the same mechanism might be present in many other hillslopes across the whole Hindukush-Himalayan-Karakoram range, where seasonal snowmelt is an active agent. In this context, this research provides a case study shedding a light on the hillslope deformation mechanism at the western edge of the Himalayan range.</p

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Mapping Socio-Economic Vulnerability to Rob Flood Hazards in Coastal Cities, North Pekalongan District, Pekalongan City

Climate change brings danger to several areas, especially in coastal urban areas. One of them is the tidal flood which experienced inundation. Tidal floods pose a serious threat to the sustainability of social life and economic growth. Assessment of social and economic vulnerabilities is needed to overcome the risk of disaster hazards due to climate change in the form of coastal tidal floods in cities. This research is expected to be able to describe socio-economic vulnerability through the variables of population density, age, gender, occupation, and level of education to tidal floods that have occurred in 42% of the area. The research method used is quantitative analysis, scoring, and geographic information system modeling with village analysis units. The results showed that Panjang Baru Village was the most vulnerable area because of the high density and low-income levels of the people, most of whom were fishermen and farmers households. It also indicates the contribution of population density, level of education, and employment to the level of vulnerability. This study states that the socio-economic aspect is an important factor that must be considered for the sustainability of life and community adaptation to the threat of climate change, especially tidal floods