Comparison of Nutritional Status Between Exsclusive Breastfeeding And Formula Milkfed In Infants 0-6 Month

Background: Malnutrion is compounded by the proliferation of processed foods like infant formula. This causes an increase in poor diets, obesity and a marked reduction in the number of mothers breastfeeding their babies. Results of a preliminary study at the Sungai Kakap Health Center on 20 Infants shows that malnutrition is higher in infants who are given formula milk than in infants who are exclusively breastfed were 4 vs 1.Aim of this study is to compare nutritional status between exclusive breastfeeding and formula milkfed. Methods: This study used a comparative analytic design. This study’s population was 39 Infants who get formula milk as a subject group at the Sungai Kakap Health Center. Sampel consist of 36 Infants exclusively breastfed (control) and 36 Infants formula milk as a subject choose by random sampling technic. The instrument used was a observational sheet and categorial sheet.  The bivariate analysis used Mann Whitney Results: The test results showed a comparasion nutritional status between exclusively breastfed and formula milk (p=0,016) on Infants 0-6 month and the average ranking of the group of Infants with exclusively breastfed is higher (41.50) than the group of Infants with formula milk (31.50), but malnutrion suffered at male baby than female Conclusion: Used of varied and interesting tools about exclusive breastfeeding and counseling about  best nutrition for Infants needs to be increased

A framework for identifying uncertainties in long-term digital preservation

With the current expansion in digital information comes an increasing need to preserve such assets. The ENSURE (Enabling knowledge Sustainability, Usability and Recovery for Economic value) pro-ject, a research project under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme, is the par-ent project to this research area and its aim is to conduct advanced research to address the challenges of Long Term Digital Preservation (LTDP) to ensure the successful preservation, availability and ac-cessibility of preserved data in the future. Focusing on identifying uncertainties in the LTDP activities and their impact on cost and economic performance of digital preservation systems, this paper dis-cusses a framework to identify uncertainties in LTDP for business sectors interested

The malleability of university students\u27 beliefs, values, and attitudes in the classroom setting

Beliefs, values, and attitudes (BVAs) are central to a persons identity and worldview but can be refined and influenced through the individual\u27s surrounding environment and experience. The academic setting is one environment that impacts BVAs. This study examined if university students\u27 BVAs are influenced over a semester by students\u27 attributes, their professor, and the classroom context by testing three main hypotheses: 1) students demonstrate BVA change over time while professors\u27 BVAs remain relatively stable over time; 2) students\u27 attributes influence BVA change; and 3) students, especially those who have a positive experience in the class, assimilate to their professor\u27s BVAs. In a sample of 19 classrooms, 14 professors, and 413 students, it was found that students\u27 BVAs did change over time, both for values-bases classes and for non-values based classes. Students\u27 attributes, specifically their initial commitment to values and religious commitment, were predictive of BVA change with those more committed to values reporting less BVA change over the semester. Students were found to assimilate their values to their professor\u27s values. This was influenced by class type (values versus on values based) and students\u27 belief in their professor\u27s ability to teach. The impact of religiosity was the most consistent and robust finding in this study. The magnitude and direction of change in students\u27 BVAs were influenced by their professor\u27s level of religiosity. Students with more religious professors tended to increase their religious commitment and endorsement of instrumental values overall, whereas students with less religious professors tended to decrease their religious commitment and endorsement of instrumental values overall. This indicates that the secular, public university context is able to influence students\u27 BVAs specifically through the course material and class format. More importantly, professors are in a position of authority and, therefore, can induce students to adopt their personal values. The benefits and concerns of value assimilation are discussed

Prisoners’ rights: setting a global standard for Nigerian inmates

Imprisonment is a form of sentence handed down from colonial rule, which has clearly put an end to the primitive type of punishment like stoning, impaling, hanging, ostracism, banishment, selling offenders into slavery, etc. It involves the refutation of liberty where a prisoner has to be confined to prison custody. Nevertheless, imprisonment is a punishment and not an aid to punishment. A prisoner in prison detention does not totally forfeit his natural rights due him as human. In Nigeria, prisoners are treated wrongly. The state, reformatory officials and society see prisoners as a burden and no longer human beings owing to their criminal transgression. The Nigerian reformatory environment is unhealthy, congested and lack correctional infrastructure owing to neglect by the Government and corruption. In spite of the fact that national and international laws recognized their original rights first as human beings and as Nigerian citizens, inmates continue to suffer. This article tried to x-ray these essential human rights as put forward by international law and the truth that such rights are not observed in the Nigerian prison system even though Nigeria has ratified these international norms as a member state. It concluded that the condition of Nigerian prisoners is far from the globally acceptable standard. To this light, it made certain recommendations, which includes that a Commission should be formed to be solely responsible for the Nigerian reformatory services, extant laws should be amended to reflect the true aims of imprisonment, the scuffle against corruption should be intensified in Nigeria, etc. These measures if observed will improve the lot of Nigerian inmates to meet up the international most excellent practices.Keywords: Prisoners, prisons, human rights, liberty, global standard, inmates, prisoners’ rights, Nigerian prison service

Comparative Assessment of Lung Function using Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) Between Tobacco Smoking and Non Smoking Students of the University of Jos

Tobacco smoking in the form of cigarette is a common habit prevalent among undergraduates in higher institutions. Chronic tobacco smoking remains the primary risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pulmonary function test provide an objective quantifiable measure of lung function. This study was undertaken to assess lung function using PEFR among smokers and non smokers. In this study 100 male students within the age range of 18- 35 years were recruited, 50 were smokers forming the case group and 50 were non smokers forming the control group. The result showed no significant difference in mean physical parameters between smokers and non smokers. The smokers were mainly mild smokers.  There was a significant decrease at P< 0.05 in PEFR of smokers when compared to non smokers. The actual value of PEFR decreased with increased quantity of smoking but this decrease was not statistically significant, indicating that airway obstruction may occur irrespective of the quantity or duration of cigarette smoking. Keywords: PEFR, COPD, smokers, non smokers

Copyright Law and Photocopying Practice in Nigeria

The protection of copyright is an obligation of nations in order to promote and encourage innovation and creativity The copyright law gives the owner of copyrighted work the exclusive right to control the reproduction of copyrighted works. This right, however, does not bestow on the copyright owner an absolute monopoly to control access to copyrighted information. The paper highlighted that illegal photocopying practice of copyrighted work is damaging to the rights of owners of copyrighted materials as it stifles creativity, innovation and development, and the introduction of the doctrine of ‘fair use’ is aimed at balancing the exclusive rights of copyright owners and access to information by all, in order not to harm scholarship. The paper argues that there is need to raise awareness about copyright law in order to discourage violations, thereby robbing copyrighted owners of the benefit of their labou