Evaluation of Groundwater Quality of Aligarh City, (India): Using Statistical Techniques Approach

Examination of the idea of groundwater of a particular area has a phenomenal importance in both drinking and irrigational purposes. Water which is essential for all the living beings for their existence and metabolism plays a major role in the ecosystem. Unethical human involvement and exploitation of the groundwater resources leads to water quality degradation. Present examination has been directed and administered to analyze the chemistry of groundwater of the Aligarh city. This has been led by collecting the groundwater samples of the study area and subjecting the samples to the entire physicochemical investigation. Groundwater samples were collected from 45 different reviewing stations line missing during the year 2016 for the appraisal of groundwater nature of the study area. High coefficient of variance indicates variability of the physicochemical parameters and groundwater samples concentration. The clear measurable investigation was done close to Pearson correlation. From the connection examination, it is discovered that an incredibly strong relationship exists between electrical conductivity (EC) with hardness (0.82), magnesium (0.82) and sulfate (0.81) then again hardness is likewise showing correlation with calcium (0.86), magnesium (0.95) and sulfate (0.83). lead and cadmium fixation in the water samples was observed to be a part of the most extremely reasonable breaking point suggested by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS 2012) and demonstrates 100% concentration in groundwater samples of the study area. Concentration of total dissolved solid (TDS), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), sulfate (So4), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) are furthermore found beyond the maximum permissible limit endorsed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS 2012). This reveals water quality deterioration in Aligarh city which needs some treatment before consumption and needs to be protected from contamination. It is therefore suggested that a regular monitoring of groundwater is carried out

Drinking Water Quality Assessment in Selected Areas of Rawalpindi by Physico-Chemical and Biological Parameters

: In this study drinking water quality of some densely populated areas of Rawalpindi was analysed. The main sources of water in the area are water filtration plants and bore tap waters. As water demand has exceeded the supply, many locals have installed bores in order to meet their water needs. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of drinking water, and to determine whether it is related to gastrointestinal diseases. For this study, water samples were collected from filtration plants, and tap water. Both physicochemical and microbiological parameters play role in determining water quality. Hence, the pH, EC, Salts, TDS, Turbidity, Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Total Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Carbonates, Arsenic, and microbiological parameters like salmonella, and shigella, E. coli and total coliform were analysed by standard procedures. The results showed all the parameters were within the permissible limits, except for EC and TDS, indicating that ions are present in greater amounts in water samples. In case of microbiological parameters, growth of salmonella and shigella, as well as E. coli was found, and permissible limit for total coliforms exceeded in few samples suggesting that water from these sources is contaminated and not fit for use. In comparison, tap water samples were found more contaminated with bacteria as compared to samples from filter plants. Keywords: Drinking water quality, physico-chemical parameters, gastrointestinal diseases, microbiological analysis, arsenic

A Regional Investigation of Inverse Distance Weighting Particulate Matter Prediction within Kirkuk City, Iraq: A Regional Investigation of Inverse Distance Weighting Particulate Matter Prediction within Kirkuk City, Iraq

It is well known that air polluted with particulate matter (PM) has a negative impact on human health. It is important to monitor and evaluate air quality by revealing the nature of the air and identifying the areas affected by particles. The methods and tools used for this purpose vary. This study aims to predict air quality based on PM data collected using an air pollution measuring device to measure the values of particulate matter (PM) in different sizes. The Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) approach was used within the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis tools. The tool was applied to measurements collected in Kirkuk city's study area for 2022. Besides, testing PM2.5 data has been collected in 2025 for the validation process. The results showed that there are higher rates of PM than the acceptable standards, which therefore cause health effects. The accuracy value of the prediction data was also calculated for each of the PM1, PM2.5, PM5, and PM10 concentrations. Model validation accuracy results were 80%, 89%, 84%, and 72%, respectively. While cross validation resulted in 82%. The results indicated a good fit for the prediction determined by the analysis. Moreover, the health risks have also been detected from the spatial distribution of each pollutant. Based on our analysis and results, good, moderate, and unhealthy air was detected in the study area. Keywords: Particulate Matter, IDW, GIS, air quality, health impac

Physicochemical and Microbiological Water Quality of PWD, Gulberg and Korang River, Islamabad, Pakistan: Water Quality, Assessment, Islamabad

This study evaluated the physicochemical and microbiological quality of water from PWD Colony, Gulberg Green and the Korang River (n = 36 samples, April–May) to determine suitability for domestic use and public-health risk. Samples were analyzed for pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, fluoride, arsenic, total bacterial count and indicator/pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, Salmonella, Shigella). Results showed variable water quality across sites: pH ranged 5.8–8.5 (mean = 7.4), TDS 230–858 mg/L (mean = 544 mg/L) with elevated EC/TDS in Korang samples, extremely high turbidity in Korang River samples (92–201 NTU), fluoride up to 3.4 mg/L (exceeding WHO guideline of 1.5 mg/L) and arsenic peaking at 0.10 mg/L (100 µg/L, far above the WHO limit of 10 µg/L); microbiological contamination was widespread with frequent detection of fecal indicators and pathogenic genera, in several cases at counts reported as “too numerous to count,” indicating fecal intrusion and sanitary failures. On the basis of comparisons with WHO/national standards, the Korang River exhibited the poorest physicochemical quality while PWD and Gulberg point sources often suffered microbiological contamination; the findings call for source protection, repair and monitoring of distribution systems, targeted treatment (e.g., turbidity control, defluoridation/arsenic mitigation) and routine microbial surveillance to reduce waterborne disease risk in the study area

Impact of Domestic Wastewater on Physico-Chemical and Biological Parameters of Rice Canal Water in Sukkur and Larkana, Pakistan

The aim of present research work was to assess the physical parameters (temperature, turbidity, and color), chemical characteristics (pH, TDS, TSS, DO, COD, BOD, calcium and magnesium hardness, total hardness, iron, free and total chlorine, chloride, and alkalinity), and biological parameters (fecal coliform) from various sampling points along the Rice Canal in the Sukkur and Larkana, regions of Pakistan. The results showed pH values ranging between 6.5-8.5, DO 1.12-2.11 mg/L, BOD from 114-298 mg/L, and COD from 51 to115 mg/L. Calcium hardness ranged from 124-126 mg/L, magnesium hardness ranged between178-202 mg/L, and total hardness between 304-317 mg/L. Iron concentrations ranged from 0.01-0.06 mg/L, while free chlorine and total chlorine were 0 mg/L. Chloride ranged from 4-86 mg/L, alkalinity from 118-138 mg/L, and fecal coliform counts were 15 and 13 CFU, respectively. The resultant values were compared with Sindh Environmental Quality Standards (SEQs) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for water quality, and it was observed that several parameters exceeded SEQs, and WHO limits, indicating potential risks to local biodiversity, groundwater quality and on public health in the region. The findings of the present study will not only help in reducing pollutants at source of wastewater discharge into rice canal water, but also support to achieve Sustainable Development Goals#6 Clean Water and Sanitation

Drinking Water Insecurity in the Coastal Parts of Mirsharai, Sonagazi and Companiganj Areas of Bangladesh: Water Quality Analysis : Drinking Water Insecurity in the Coastal Parts of Mirsharai, Sonagazi and Companiganj Areas of Bangladesh: Water Quality Analysis

The people of the coastal parts of Bangladesh are insecure for safe drinking water. Present study is an attempt to delineate the water quality in the coastal parts of Mirsharai, Sonagazi and Companiganj areas. Various parameters of water quality such as free hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), oxidation reduction potential (ORP), salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acidity, alkalinity, total hardness and nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, chloride, iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, arsenic and chromium were determined through field work, available data and laboratory analysis. The results indicate that the arsenic concentration and electrical conductivity in shallow aquifers exceed WHO and Bangladesh standards limit. Additionally, chloride, total hardness, alkalinity, and lead exceed the WHO and Bangladesh standards in both shallow and deep aquifers. In many cases, the turbidity of surface water both inside and outside the coastal embankments also exceeds these limits. The lead, chloride and manganese contents, DO and BOD in the Feni River also exceed the BSTI limits. The analysis reveals that the deep aquifers are free from arsenic, while the shallow aquifers are significantly contaminated. Although, the deep aquifers need precaution for salinity, alkalinity, total hardness and lead contents. Correlation matrix analysis confirms that EC and TDS serve as reliable indicators of salinity levels in both shallow and deep aquifers. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) further supports this, showing that EC, TDS, and salinity are influenced by the saline water intrusion in these aquifers. Additionally, pollutants in both shallow and deep aquifers are positively associated with EC, TDS and salinity. Keywords: Drinking water insecurity, water quality analysis, coastal areas, Bangladesh

Petrographic and Mineral-Chemical Constraints on Porphyry Copper Mineralization: Biotite Chemistry and PIMs in the Potassic Alteration Zone of the Chah-Firozeh Deposit, Kerman Cenozoic Magmatic Arc (Iran).

      The Chah-Firozeh porphyry Cu system, situated in the Kerman Cenozoic Magmatic Arc (KCMA), was examined using integrated petrographic observations and quantitative EPMA analyses to elucidate its magmatic–hydrothermal evolution and metallogenic characteristics. The deposit is hosted by Eocene andesitic volcanic rocks intruded by a Miocene quartz-monzodiorite to quartz-diorite porphyritic stock. Hydrothermal alteration is well developed and consists of potassic, phyllic, and propylitic zones, locally overprinted by silicic and late supergene argillic assemblages. Ore mineralization occurs mainly as quartz–sulfide veinlets, stockworks, and disseminations of chalcopyrite, bornite, molybdenite, and pyrite. Biotite, a widespread ferromagnesian phase in both magmatic and hydrothermal domains, was analyzed to constrain physicochemical parameters of fluid evolution. Distinct compositional trends in major elements, halogens, and Fe/Mg ratios delineate multiple magmatic and hydrothermal fluid pulses, reflecting changes in temperature, oxidation state, and halogen fugacity. Halogen contents and calculated fugacity ratios (fCl/fH2O, fF/fH2O) provide an effective geochemical discriminator between barren and mineralized intrusions across the KCMA. These findings confirm that biotite is a reliable porphyry indicator mineral (PIM) and a sensitive tracer of petrogenetic and metallogenic processes in Andean-type arc settings. Keywords: Chah-Firozeh, porphyry Cu system, biotite chemistry, EPMA, halogen fugacity, magmatic–hydrothermal evolution, KCMA. &nbsp

Assessment of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Gas Poisoning in Coal Mining: Assessment of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Gas Poisoning in Coal Mining

Mine fires are an extremely important problem in underground coal mining in terms of both loss of life, loss of reserves and production stoppages. For this reason, it is necessary to keep the underground under constant control with CO measurements, to constantly monitor it, and to activate a warning system at critical levels. In this study, fires and related CO gas poisoning were evaluated together with the events that occurred, and it was emphasized to what extent they caused mass deaths at a catastrophic level. Keywords: Coal mining, mine fires, CO poisoning, monitoring, warning

Sustainable Waste Management in Open Pit Mines: Rethinking Inner Dumping Practices in Modern Mining

Inner dumping, also known as in-pit dumping, is a waste management practice in open pit and open cast mining where waste materials are deposited within the mined-out area. While touted for its potential to reduce environmental footprint and transportation costs, inner dumping presents distinct operational challenges that can affect mining efficiency. This paper examines key operational challenges including space constraints, logistical complexities, increased operational costs, and impacts on mine design. Strategies for optimizing inner dumping practices are explored, emphasizing advanced planning, integrated waste management systems, innovative techniques, enhanced coordination, and technological investments. By addressing these challenges effectively, mining operations can enhance operational efficiency and sustainability in waste management practices. This research contributes to insights essential for improving inner dumping methodologies in modern mining operations. Keywords: Open-pit mining, waste-material management, In-pit dumping, operational challenges

Impact of Seawater Intrusion on Coastal Aquifers of Karachi, Pakistan: Impact of Seawater Intrusion on Coastal Aquifers of Karachi, Pakistan

Groundwater is an important resource for domestic and agricultural use. In several countries coastal regions are facing groundwater salinization due to seawater intrusion. The coastal aquifers of Karachi are continuously at risk of salinization. The deeper aquifers in the study area are mainly hosted in Nari (Oligocene) and Gaj (Miocene) formations, while shallow aquifers are situated in Holocene and Pleistocene unconsolidated deposits. In order to evaluate the impact of seawater intrusion on groundwater quality of Karachi region, 25 groundwater samples were collected from different wells (ranging from 12 to 46 m) of Chanesar Gotth, Karachi, Sindh for determining their physical and chemical characteristics. The analytical results of physical (turbidity, pH, TDS, EC, hardness, odor, and chemical (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, nitrates, bicarbonate, sulfate, zinc, nickle, cobalt, copper and iron) constituents showed that EC and TDS range between1828- 5190 μS/cm, and from 1550 to 4920 mg/L, respectively. The results indicate that groundwater EC and TDS are above the guidelines set by WHO and did not satisfy the requirement for various purposes like domestic and agricultural use. Data revealed that groundwater is dominated by sodium and chloride, and dominant water types in the area are NaCl>NaHCO3>CaCl. Seemingly, low Na/Cl ratio suggests that groundwater is severely affected by seawater intrusion. High Na/Cl ratio in few water samples reflect impact of infiltration of polluted surface water. In addition Gibbs plot showed evolution of groundwater from seawater intrusion to evaporative process. Durov diagram revealed the mixing of fresh water with seawater. Furthermore, sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and Wilcox diagrams showed that water is highly saline and is unsuitable for irrigation purpose. The natural cause of seawater intrusion is sea-level rise, which has significantly impacted the groundwater salinization dynamics in the study area. Keywords: Seawater intrusion, groundwater salinity, hydro-geochemistry, Karachi