Aluminum enhances inflammation and decreases mucosal healing in experimental colitis in mice

The increasing incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in developing countries has highlighted the critical role of environmental pollutants as causative factors in their pathophysiology. Despite its ubiquity and immune toxicity, the impact of aluminum in the gut is not known. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of environmentally relevant intoxication with aluminum in murine models of colitis and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Oral administration of aluminum worsened intestinal inflammation in mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid- and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and chronic colitis in interleukin 10-negative (IL10(-/-)) mice. Aluminum increased the intensity and duration of macroscopic and histologic inflammation, colonic myeloperoxidase activity, inflammatory cytokines expression, and decreased the epithelial cell renewal compared with control animals. Under basal conditions, aluminum impaired intestinal barrier function. In vitro, aluminum induced granuloma formation and synergized with lipopolysaccharide to stimulate inflammatory cytokines expression by epithelial cells. Deleterious effects of aluminum on intestinal inflammation and mucosal repair strongly suggest that aluminum might be an environmental IBD risk factor.Mucosal Immunology advance online publication, 16 October 2013; doi:10.1038/mi.2013.78

Marketing mix in company Sellier & Bellot, a.s.

The aim of this bachelor thesis was to evaluate tools of marketing mix in the Sellier & Bellot, Inc. and, where appropriate, suggest improvements to the mix of chosen instruments. The company is primarly known as a manufacturer of ammunition, which are the main topic of this dissertation. In the first part are theoretically defined tools of marketing mix. In the practical part is introduced the company and its history at first. Then are the tools of marketing mix of the company analyzed in the way the company use them now. At the end are suggestions for the company how to use better the tools of marketing mix