Landskapsarkitekten och kommunikationen

Att arbeta som landskapsarkitekt innebär att möta många olika människor med olika önskemål och krav. Det innebär att arbeta problemlösningsbaserat, platsorienterat, och som detta arbete vill belysa, med en medveten kommunikativ inställning gentemot alla de olika aktörer som man samverkar med. Jag menar att det goda resultatet i stadsutvecklings- och stadsbyggnadsprocesser ligger i den dialog och det gemensamma lärande som uppstår vid en positiv samverkan mellan alla involverade aktörer. Fokus ligger på det gemensamma arbetet och en god samverkansprocess på väg fram till målet, snarare än på själva målet. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att belysa, undersöka, samt främja ett fortsatt arbete med och en ökad medvetenhet om, kommunikationens betydelse, tillämpning och resultatpåverkan inom landskapsarkitekturen. Den typ av kommunikation som främst behandlas i detta arbete är den som kan kategoriseras kring det fysiska mötet. Det vill säga den kommunikation som uppstår i mötet mellan människor och det växelspel som äger rum när de olika parterna delger och tar del av varandras perspektiv för att tillsammans vinna gemensam kunskap. Den ensidiga överföring av information som ibland felaktigt benämns som kommunikation tas här endast upp som förmedling eller information. I examensarbetet fungerar stadsutvecklingsprocessen för Dragarbrunnsgatan i Uppsala som fallstudie och inom detta projekt har mötesobservationer och intervjuer med involverade landskapsarkitekter utförts. Projektet har följts under perioden som sträcker sig från april 2010 till och med december 2010. Tre landskapsarkitekter har intervjuats för arbetet; en processledare, en projektledare och en ansvarig projekterande landskapsarkitekt. Dessa har fått dela med sig av sin syn på processen, kommunikation, helhet, gemensamhet och landskapsarkitektens roll. Arbetets undersökning i form av intervjuer och observationer kopplat till frågorna om betydelse, tillämpning och resultatpåverkan visar att kommunikation och samverkan är viktigt för landskapsarkitekten. Det finns en önskan om att lära sig mer och att bli bättre på att kommunicera, men en svårighet i att veta hur detta ska gå till. Den visar att landskapsarkitektens arbets- metoder i form av exempelvis skisser och bilder kan vara till hjälp i arbetet med att både förmedla information och att kommunicera tillsammans med andra aktörer. I frågan om förmedling av information eller kommunikation framkommer en svårighet i att skilja mellan dessa två företeelser och en tendens att felaktigt benämna viss förmedling som kommunikation. Fallstudien och litteraturstudier visar på vikten av en anpassad struktur som kan främja en kommunikativ process. Som följd av detta presenteras en struktur för samverkansprocesser med en kommunikativ infallsvinkel. För att samverkan och dialog ska främjas bör en så pass väl anpassad processtruktur som möjligt ligga till grund för ett projekt. Denna processtruktur består av sex olika delar, som därefter kan modifieras och anpassas till det specifika projektet. Delarna är; organisera, relatera, utveckla, etablera, agera, samt utvärdera och bygga vidare. Slutligen vill detta arbete försöka att bidra till den i fallstudien framkomna önskan hos landskapsarkitekten att lära sig mer om kommunikation. Detta görs genom att presentera en guide till landskapskommunikatören där olika kommunikativa aspekter som kan påverka utfallet i ett projekt tas upp tillsammans med korta tips på hur man kan tänka kring dessa aspekter. Nyckelord: landskapsarkitektur, kommunikation, designstrategi, stadsutveckling, designteori, process- och projektledning.To practise landscape architecture is to meet many different people with different needs and requirements. This means working on a problem solving basis, to be place-oriented, and as this thesis wants to highlight, to have a conscious communicative attitude towards all the different actors that the landscape architect interact with. I believe that a good result of urban development and city planning processes lies in the dialogue and joint learning that occurs at a positive interaction between all actors involved. Focusing on the joint work and a good collaboration process during the project, rather than the project result itself. The purpose of this paper is to illuminate, explore, and encourage further use of, and a greater awareness of, the importance of communication, its application and impact on earnings in landscape architecture. The communication, which is primarily dealt with in this paper is the one which can be categorized within the physical meeting. The communication that occurs in encounters between people and the interaction that takes place when the various parties communicates and partake of each other’s perspectives to reach joint knowledge. The unilateral transfer of information that is sometimes erroneously referred to as communication is in this paper only referred to as mediation or information. This thesis uses the city development project of Dragarbrunnsgatan in Uppsala as a case study and within this project meeting observations and interviews with involved landscape architects has been performed. The study of the project has been carried out during a period from April 2010 to December 2010. Three landscape architects have been interviewed for the case study, a process manager, a project manager and an accountable design manager. These three have been sharing their views on the process, communication, entirety, community and the role of the landscape architect. The case study of interviews and observations related to the issues of meaning, application and results of impact shows that communication and interaction is important for the landscape architect. There is a desire to learn more and become better at communicating, but a difficulty in knowing how this is to be done. It shows that the landscape architects working tools such as drawings and pictures can be helpful in efforts to both disseminate information and to communicate with other actors. The issue of mediating information or to communicate reveals a difficulty in distinguishing between these two phenomena and the tendency to incorrectly designate certain mediation as communication. The case study and literature studies show the importance of a customized structure that can promote a communicative process. As a result, this thesis presents an application structure for collaboration processes with a communicative approach. To promote cooperation and dialogue a process structure as well-adapted as possible should form the basis for a project. This presented process structure consists of six parts, which can be modified and adapted to the specific project in mind. The six parts are; organize, relate, develop, establish, operate, and evaluate and reshape. Finally, these efforts attempt to contribute to the presented desire of the landscape architect to deepen his or hers knowledge of communication. This is done by presenting a guide to the landscape communicator where different communicative aspects that may affect the outcome of a project are issued along with brief tips on how to reason concerning these aspects. Keywords: landscape architecture, communication, design strategy, city development, design theory, process and project management

Recent revelations and future directions using single-cell technologies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous disease with varying outcomes. In the last decade, the application of next-generation sequencing technologies has allowed extensive mapping of disease-specific genomic, epigenomic, immunogenetic, and transcriptomic signatures linked to CLL pathogenesis. These technologies have improved our understanding of the impact of tumor heterogeneity and evolution on disease outcome, although they have mostly been performed on bulk preparations of nucleic acids. As a further development, new technologies have emerged in recent years that allow high-resolution mapping at the single-cell level. These include single-cell RNA sequencing for assessment of the transcriptome, both of leukemic and non-malignant cells in the tumor microenvironment; immunogenetic profiling of B and T cell receptor rearrangements; single-cell sequencing methods for investigation of methylation and chromatin accessibility across the genome; and targeted single-cell DNA sequencing for analysis of copy-number alterations and single nucleotide variants. In addition, concomitant profiling of cellular subpopulations, based on protein expression, can also be obtained by various antibody-based approaches. In this review, we discuss different single-cell sequencing technologies and how they have been applied so far to study CLL onset and progression, also in response to treatment. This latter aspect is particularly relevant considering that we are moving away from chemoimmunotherapy to targeted therapies, with a potentially distinct impact on clonal dynamics. We also discuss new possibilities, such as integrative multi-omics analysis, as well as inherent limitations of the different single-cell technologies, from sample preparation to data interpretation using available bioinformatic pipelines. Finally, we discuss future directions in this rapidly evolving field.</p

Recent revelations and future directions using single-cell technologies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous disease with varying outcomes. In the last decade, the application of next-generation sequencing technologies has allowed extensive mapping of disease-specific genomic, epigenomic, immunogenetic, and transcriptomic signatures linked to CLL pathogenesis. These technologies have improved our understanding of the impact of tumor heterogeneity and evolution on disease outcome, although they have mostly been performed on bulk preparations of nucleic acids. As a further development, new technologies have emerged in recent years that allow high-resolution mapping at the single-cell level. These include single-cell RNA sequencing for assessment of the transcriptome, both of leukemic and non-malignant cells in the tumor microenvironment; immunogenetic profiling of B and T cell receptor rearrangements; single-cell sequencing methods for investigation of methylation and chromatin accessibility across the genome; and targeted single-cell DNA sequencing for analysis of copy-number alterations and single nucleotide variants. In addition, concomitant profiling of cellular subpopulations, based on protein expression, can also be obtained by various antibody-based approaches. In this review, we discuss different single-cell sequencing technologies and how they have been applied so far to study CLL onset and progression, also in response to treatment. This latter aspect is particularly relevant considering that we are moving away from chemoimmunotherapy to targeted therapies, with a potentially distinct impact on clonal dynamics. We also discuss new possibilities, such as integrative multi-omics analysis, as well as inherent limitations of the different single-cell technologies, from sample preparation to data interpretation using available bioinformatic pipelines. Finally, we discuss future directions in this rapidly evolving field

Diversity of respiratory parameters and metabolic adaptation to low oxygen tension in mesenchymal stromal cells

Objective Cell metabolism has been shown to play an active role in regulation of stemness and fate decision. In order to identify favorable culture conditions for mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) prior to transplantation, this study aimed to characterize the metabolic function of MSCs from different developmental stages in response to different oxygen tension during expansion. Materials and methods We cultured human fetal cardiac MSCs and human adult bone-marrow MSCs for a week under hypoxia (3% O2) and normoxia (20% O2). We performed mitochondrial characterization and assessed oxygen consumption- and extracellular acidification-rates (OCR and ECAR) in addition to oxygen-sensitive respiration and mitochondrial complex activities, using both the Seahorse and Oroboros systems. Results Adult and fetal MSCs displayed similar basal respiration and mitochondrial amount, however fetal MSCs had lower spare respiratory capacity and apparent coupling efficiency. Fetal MSCs expanded in either hypoxia or normoxia demonstrated similar acidification rates, while adult MSCs downregulated their aerobic glycolysis in normoxia. Acute decrease in oxygen tension caused a higher respiratory inhibition in adult compared to fetal MSCs. In both sources of MSCs, minor changes in complex activities in normoxic and hypoxic cultures were found. Conclusions In contrast to adult MSCs, fetal MSCs displayed similar respiration and aerobic glycolysis at different O2 culture concentrations during expansion. Adult MSCs adjusted their respiration to glycolytic activities, depending on the culture conditions thus displaying a more mature metabolic function. These findings are relevant for establishing optimal in vitro culturing conditions, with the aim to maximize engraftment and therapeutic outcome.CC BY-NC-ND 4.0Corresponding author: Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail address: [email protected] (K.-H. Grinnemo).Available online 3 February 2022, Version of Record 5 February 2022The project was funded by Karolinska Institute-Mayo Clinic Collaborative Grant 2013; The Swedish Research Council young investigator: 2013–3590; Stockholm county; The Swedish Research Council; The Family Erling-Persson Foundation; ERC-2018-AdG (834860 EYELETS); Uppsala county; Uppsala County Association against Heart and Lung Diseases; and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (agreement no. 075-15-2020-899).</p

Soluble CD93 Is Involved in Metabolic Dysregulation but Does Not Influence Carotid Intima-Media Thickness

Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease are complex disorders involving metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms. Here we investigated whether sCD93, a group XIV c-type lectin of the endosialin family, plays a role in metabolic dysregulation or carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). Although no association was observed between sCD93 and IMT, sCD93 levels were significantly lower in subjects with type 2 diabetes (n = 901, mean ± SD 156.6 ± 40.0 ng/mL) compared with subjects without diabetes (n = 2,470, 164.1 ± 44.8 ng/mL, P < 0.0001). Genetic variants associated with diabetes risk (DIAGRAM Consortium) did not influence sCD93 levels (individually or combined in a single nucleotide polymorphism score). In a prospective cohort, lower sCD93 levels preceded the development of diabetes. Consistent with this, a cd93-deficient mouse model (in addition to apoe deficiency) demonstrated no difference in atherosclerotic lesion development compared with apoe(-/-) cd93-sufficient littermates. However, cd93-deficient mice showed impaired glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity (compared with littermate controls) after eating a high-fat diet. The expression of cd93 was observed in pancreatic islets, and leaky vessels were apparent in cd93-deficient pancreases. We further demonstrated that stress-induced release of sCD93 is impaired by hyperglycemia. Therefore, we propose CD93 as an important component in glucometabolic regulation

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

Tissue Factor in Transplantation -aspects on expression and inhibition

Organ transplantation provides a treatment of end-stage disease primarily in the kidney, liver and heart. The immunosuppressive treatment regimens of today efficiently prevent early acute rejection; however the long-term survival has not improved to the same extent. Within months/years the majority of transplanted organs develop chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD), associated with fibrosis and intimal hyperplasia. Both alloantigen-dependent and -independent factors are suspected to affect the deteriorative process. Among the latter are ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury and also drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Tissue factor (TF) is the principal initiator of blood coagulation and triggers the coagulation cascade upon complex formation with FVIIa. TF is normally not expressed on cells in contact with blood, but can be induced as a response to a multitude of stimuli. Among those, many are associated with events occurring at transplantation, such as hypoxia and I/R injury. TF has also been implicated as a mediator of cellular adhesion, migration and proliferation, which are important features of vascular remodelling during CAD. By employing an isogenic aortic transplant model in the rat, the role of TF for development of intimal hyperplasia caused by long cold ischemia, was studied. Inhibition of TF reduced formation of neo-intima in treated animals as compared to controls. TF was further studied as a potential chemo-attractant for smooth muscle cells, monocytes and also endothelial precursor cells. Allthree cell types migrated towards TF in a migration assay. With the aim to decrease the pro-thrombotic and inflammatory properties of activated endothelium, RNA interference was used to down-regulate TF expression in these cells. The total antigen content and also TF expression on the cell surface were diminished, however this did not result in a decreased catalytic activity of TF/FVIIa. Efficient TF reduction was reflected in morphological alterations and decreased cell viability. Additionally we studied the presence of TF antigen in human renal allografts afflicted by rejection or cyclosporin (CsA) nephrotoxicity. Grafts with acute CsA nephrotoxicity displayed a marked TF staining in the tubular brush border, significantly increased in terms of intensity and spread, compared to allografts undergoing acute rejection. Vascular endothelial staining was present in grafts afflicted by chronic vasculopaty as well as chronic CsA nephrotoxicity. The results of these studies collectively imply that TF acts as a mediator in processes associated with chronic vascular remodelling after transplantation. Furthermore, TF may be used as a histological marker for acute CsA nephrotoxicity, a condition which is difficult to diagnose in a straightforward manner

Improvisation i folkmusik? : En svensk folkmusiker improviserar: Mats Edén i Norafjälls

Cecilia Österholm: Improvisation i folkmusik? En svensk folkmusiker improviserar: Mats Edén i Norafjälls. C-uppsats. Institutionen för musikvetenskap, Uppsala universitet, vt 2004. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur improvisation kan utformas i svensk instrumental folkmusik. Undersökningsobjektet är en låt, spelad av Mats Edén, verksam inom svensk folkmusik. Undersökningen är baserad på litteratur och artiklar om improvisation i folkmusik, skrivna av musiketnologer och verksamma musiker, samt en intervju med Mats Edén och en låt spelad av denne.För att se var och hur improvisation sker i låten har två olika metoder använts. Den första metoden är en formanalys som visar var i låter improvisationerna sker. Den andra metoden består av två teoretiska modeller för improvisation; den ena är en modell som anger ramverket inom vilket musiken improviserar, den andra visar att olika improvisationer av en musiker uppvisar stor melodisk likhet. Applicerar man dessa på svensk folkmusik, sätter den första modellen traditionen i centrum, medan den andra modellen sätter musikern i centrum.I undersökningen definieras fyra typer av improvisation: melodi-, metrisk, frimetrisk och formelimprovisation. Dessa förekommer i olika grad i låtens formdelar som består av ett förspel, en melodidel och en eftersläng (efterspel). Resultatet av analysen visar att Edén använder ett formaliserat musikspråk som består av ett begränsat ton- och rytmmaterial, när han improviserar.

Psykosociala arbetsmiljöfaktorers betydelse för utmattningssymtom hos universitetsstudenter

Begreppet stress innebär en obalans mellan de krav som ställs på en person och resurserna för att uppfylla dessa. Om detta tillstånd är långvarigt och utdraget kan det kopplas till utmattningssyndrom. Tidigare studier har indikerat att höga krav och låg nivå av kontroll och eller svagt stöd kan generera stress och i förlängningen utmattning. Det återfinns bevis för att starkt socialt stöd underlättar hanteringen av stress. Dock finns endast få studier på studenter. Syftet med denna studie var således att undersöka om krav, kontroll och socialt stöd är relaterade till utmattningssymtom hos universitetsstudenter. Studien utfördes på 100 studenter från Stockholms universitet där deltagarna fick besvara en enkät avsedd att mäta utmattningssymtom samt graden av upplevda krav, kontroll och socialt stöd. Data analyserades genom hierarkiska multipla regressionsanalyser där sambandet mellan utmattningssymtom och upplevda krav var statistiskt signifikant. Sambanden mellan utmattningssymtom och socialt stöd samt kontroll var dock ej signifikanta. Spekulationer görs kring huruvida en kombination av högt socialt stöd samt låg arbetsbelastning utöver studierna kan agera modererande för utmattningssymtom

Högläsning i verkligheten : En kvalitativ studie om F–3 lärares syfte och arbetssätt med högläsning i undervisningen

Studien syftar till att få fördjupad kunskap om hur lärare verksamma i årskurserna F–3 arbetar med högläsning i sin undervisning, vad det har för syfte och vilka arbetssätt som används. Som datainsamling genomfördes observationer med efterföljande intervjuer med sex verksamma lärare inom årskurs F–3. Resultatet visar att lärarna är positiva till högläsning och att det finns många fördelar med att läsa högt för barn samt att det används i högsta grad som en lugn stund under dagen. Det resultatet även visar är att något arbete kring boken före, under och efter inte sker i samma utsträckning som forskning påvisar som effektiva arbetssätt. Studiens slutsats blir således att lärarna eftersträvar ett arbete kring boken, men som inte tydligt framkommer under observationerna, lärarna är alla eniga om att högläsning har många positiva effekter för att bidra till elevernas språkutveckling. Trots denna positiva inställning så hamnar arbetet kring boken i skymundan och högläsning för många av lärarna används som en lugn stund