Estudo de viabilidade técnico e econômica de um sistema fotovoltaico para fábrica de reciclagem nas proximidades do lixão da Estrutural

Trabalho de Conclusão Curso (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2018.A energia do Sol é uma fonte renovável, sustentável e favorável, nas diversas formas de seu aproveitamento. Utilizar o sol como fonte de energia elétrica, conhecida como energia solar fotovoltaica, é uma das aplicações que tem alcançado lugar de destaque nos debates mundiais no qual se colocam em pauta a preocupação com as mudanças climáticas e o desenvolvimento sustentável. Seguindo essa ideia, tem-se o aproveitamento de áreas anteriormente destinadas a receberem resíduos sólidos como forma de estimular a sustentabilidade no âmbito social, ambiental e energético; além do incentivo à reciclagem. A utilização dessa fonte fotovoltaica no Brasil tem ganhado espaço por conta da regulamentação dos sistemas conectados à rede por meio da REN 482/12 da ANEEL. Deste modo, esse estudo visa avaliar o potencial técnico e econômico da instalação de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede em prédios projetados em locais já contaminados, como exemplo uma fábrica de reciclagem. Serão projetados dois sistemas, uma para o telhado e outro para uma área visível, com o objetivo de despertar uma conscientização ambiental na população, porém a análise será feita considerando o montante resultante dos dois sistemas. O estudo de caso foi realizado para a fábrica de reciclagem baseada no projeto RECICLE. Após o levantamento dos dados, tomado como fator determinante a máxima área disponível para se instalar os sistemas fotovoltaicos, e a simulação tridimensional do local, o sistema total dimensionado foi de 511 kWp disposto em sistemas de aproximadamente 100 kWp, em média com 15 painéis em série e 24 em paralelo e inversores de 15 kW, com uma produção anual média de 850 MWh. Com base nos preços dos equipamentos, o cálculo aproximado do investimento inicial do sistema completo é de R$3.203.045,31. Com esse valor, tem-se um VPL de R$ 1.848.459,65, uma TIR de 12,95% e um payback descontado, de 9 anos e 3 meses. Esses resultados são à base da análise de sensibilidade, no qual analisa o comportamento dos indicadores econômicos com a variação da taxa de longo prazo (TLP), o investimento inicial, a degradação dos painéis e a tarifa de energia. Por fim, concluem-se que o mais viável é instalar os dois sistemas em conjunto ou somente o sistema do telhado, pois o projeto para a área visível sofre redução da produção de energia por conta do sombreamento e consequentemente não tem rentabilidade financeira.The energy of the Sun is a renewable, sustainable and favorable source, in the diverse forms of its use. Using the sun as a source of electricity, known as photovoltaic solar energy, is one of the applications that has reached a prominent place in world debates in which there is the concern with climate change and sustainable development Following this idea, there is the use of areas previously intended to receive solid waste as a way to stimulate sustainability in the social, environmental and energy spheres; besides the incentive to recycling. The use of this photovoltaic source in Brazil has gained space due to the regulation of the systems connected to the network through REN 482/12 of ANEEL. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the technical and economic potential of the installation of photovoltaic systems connected to the grid in buildings designed in already contaminated sites, such as a recycling plant. Two systems will be designed, one for the roof and the other for a visible area, with the aim of raising environmental awareness in the population, but the analysis will be done considering the amount resulting from both systems. The case study was carried out for the recycling factory based on the RECICLE project. After data collection, was taken as the determining factor the maximum area available to install the photovoltaic systems, and the three- dimensional simulation of the site the total system was 511 kWp arranged in systems of approximately 100 kWp, on average with 15 panels in series and 24 in parallel and inverters of 15 kW, with an average annual output of 850 MWh. Based on equipment prices, the approximate calculation of the initial investment of the complete system is R $3,203,045.31. With this amount, there is a net present value ( NPV) of R$ 1,848,459.65, a TIR of 12.95% and a discounted payback of 9 years and 3 months. These results are based on the sensitivity analysis, in which it analyzes the behavior of the economic indicators with the variation of the long term rate (LTR), the initial investment, the degradation of the panels and the energy tariff. Finally, it is concluded that the most feasible is to install the two systems together or only the roof system, because the project for the visible area suffers reduction of energy production due to shading and consequently has no financial profitability

Métodos numéricos com ordens de convergência elevadas aplicados ao problema de despacho econômico de redes elétricas

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2020.Este trabalho tem como objetivo a avaliação de métodos numéricos para solução de sistemas não-lineares característicos do Problema de Despacho Econômico (PDE) de gerado- res térmicos em redes elétricas, considerando as perdas e múltiplas barras. Na sua forma tradicional, o PDE é formulado com base em um problema de otimização com restrições de igualdades e desigualdades. O sistema não-linear resultante é solucionado por meio do método tradicional de Newton-Raphson (NR) e de outras técnicas iterativas pertinentes. A estimativa inicial do sistema não-linear é determinada utilizando a solução do PDE formu- lado sem as perdas de transmissão. Os métodos propostos possuem quantidades de processos iterativos variados e solicitam o menor número de fatorações LU possível. Essas fatorações são um dos métodos mais tradicionais para solução de sistemas lineares. Estes são aspectos importantes para aplicações que requeiram resolução de sistemas não-lineares de grandes dimensões, em função do maior custo computacional dispendido justamente nas decomposições LU. O sistema não-linear é resolvido também pelo método de Newton-Raphson, com a finalidade de se ter uma referência numérica de valores, a fim de se avaliar o desempenho das técnicas propostas. A formulação básica dos métodos iterativos é implementada em Matlab. Diversas simulações computacionais em uma grande variedade de sistemas-testes, incluindo um sistema de 2.383 barras, são realizadas com a finalidade de se avaliar a eficácia das técnicas iterativas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, em comparação com o método de Newton-Raphson, as técnicas iterativas com ordem de convergência superiores apresentam elevada precisão com menor número de iterações para o cálculo em sistemas de grande porte. Além disso, possibilitam a realização de cálculos com menor esforço computacional. Estes aspectos são mais favoráveis para os métodos investigados, justamente em situações nas quais uma grande quantidade de iterações são necessárias.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).This work aims to evaluate numerical methods for the solution of nonlinear systems, which are characteristc of the Economic Dispatch Problem (EDP) of thermal generator units in multibus and lossy electrical networks. In traditional form, the EDP is formulated based on an optimization problem with equality and inequality constrains. The resulting linear system is solved using the traditional Newton-Raphson (NR) method and others iterative techniques. The initial nonlinear system estimate was determined using the EDP solution formulated without transmission losses. The proposed methods have many amounts of itera- tive processes and request as few LU factorization as possible. These are important aspects for applications that require resolution of large nonlinear systems, due to the higher com- putational cost spent precisely on LU decompositions, one of the most traditional methods for solving linear systems. The nonlinear system is also solved by the Newton-Raphson method. The purpose is to have a numerical reference of values, with the aim to evaluate the performance of the proposed techniques. The basic formulation of the iterative methods is implemented in Matlab. Several computer simulations for a wide variety of test systems, in- cluding a 2383-bus system are performed in order to assess the effectiveness of the iterative techniques. These serve as a parameter to evaluate the performance of the PDE solved by the iterative numerical methods. The obtained results demonstrate that, in comparison with the Newton-Raphson method, the iterative techniques with higher order of convergence present high precision with fewer number of iterations for the calculation in large-scale systems. In addition, they make it possible to perform calculations with less computational effort. These aspects are more favorable for the investigated methods, exactly in situations in which a great number of iterations are necessary

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Implementation of a Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional (BALANCE) Program for improvement on quality of diet and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events: A randomized, multicenter trial

Background: Appropriate dietary recommendations represent a key part of secondary prevention in cardiovascular disease (CVD). We evaluated the effectiveness of the implementation of a nutritional program on quality of diet, cardiovascular events, and death in patients with established CVD. Methods: In this open-label, multicenter trial conducted in 35 sites in Brazil, we randomly assigned (1:1) patients aged 45 years or older to receive either the BALANCE Program (experimental group) or conventional nutrition advice (control group). The BALANCE Program included a unique nutritional education strategy to implement recommendations from guidelines, adapted to the use of affordable and regional foods. Adherence to diet was evaluated by the modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index. The primary end point was a composite of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, stroke, myocardial revascularization, amputation, or hospitalization for unstable angina. Secondary end points included biochemical and anthropometric data, and blood pressure levels. Results: From March 5, 2013, to Abril 7, 2015, a total of 2534 eligible patients were randomly assigned to either the BALANCE Program group (n = 1,266) or the control group (n = 1,268) and were followed up for a median of 3.5 years. In total, 235 (9.3%) participants had been lost to follow-up. After 3 years of follow-up, mean modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index (scale 0-70) was only slightly higher in the BALANCE group versus the control group (26.2 ± 8.4 vs 24.7 ± 8.6, P <.01), mainly due to a 0.5-serving/d greater intake of fruits and of vegetables in the BALANCE group. Primary end point events occurred in 236 participants (18.8%) in the BALANCE group and in 207 participants (16.4%) in the control group (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% CI 0.95-1.38; P =.15). Secondary end points did not differ between groups after follow-up. Conclusions: The BALANCE Program only slightly improved adherence to a healthy diet in patients with established CVD and had no significant effect on the incidence of cardiovascular events or death. © 2019 The Author

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.13Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research