Feeding metabolism in an Indian major carp (Catla catla Lin.) fed on different protein diets

Feeding metabolism in an Indian major carp, Catla catla fingerlings of 10.8+0.56g was investigated in a flow-through water recirculating system. The metabolic energy loss in resting metabolism and feeding metabolism were determined by the indirect method of oxygen consumption followed by multiplication by suitable oxycalorific coefficient. This was done in four metabolic chambers of a respirometer system. Ten fish fingerlings of mean total weight of 109.5, 110.4 and 112.8g/chambers respectively each in two experimental runs of three treatments a, b and c were used. The mean resting metabolic rate during unfed condition showed no significant variation in different treatments. The fish in three treatments a, b and c fed on diets containing 28, 33 and 38% crude protein had significantly different (p<0.05) post-fed SDA magnitude of 497.7, 638.7 and 735.5 mgO2/chamber/day having an equivalent energy loss of 12.68, 14.68 and 15.86 KJ respectively. The SDA co-efficient in three treatments a, b and c were 14.95, 19.00 and 22.36% respectively whereas, respiratory energy - 'R' as % of mean total ingested energy in three treatments were 26.93, 31.17 and 34.74% respectively showing a significant increase (p<0.05) with increase of protein. Feeding metabolism in an Indian major carp (Catla catla Lin.) fed on different protein diets

Energetics of resting metabolism in an Indian major carp (Catla catla Ham.)

Resting metabolism in Indian major carp, Catla catla Ham. fingerlings were investigated. For this purpose a water recirculatory system in the laboratory was used. The metabolic energy losses were determined by the indirect method of oxygen consumption by the fish and were then multiplied by an oxycalorific coefficient (Q-ox). Five metabolism chambers in the experimental system were used where there were two same treatment runs in quadruplicate of mean total weight of fish fingerlings of 109.5, 110.4, 112.8 and 111.6g/chamber. The water temperature in the system was 28±0.5°C. The mean metabolic rate in the replicates showed no significant variation (p>0.05) and was found to be 151.66, 153.91, 150.25, 152.74 mgO-2/kg/h respectively. This showed an equivalent energy loss 5.40, 5.52, 5.51 and 5.56 KJ/chamber/day (35.60, 35.92, 36.67 and 36.40 KJ/kg/day) respectively. Energetics of resting metabolism in an Indian major carp (Catla catla Ham.

Effects of land use on soil properties

An experiment was conducted with soils from five land use type namely: non cultivated soil, non treated (control), NPKSZn and NPKFYM treated rice growing soil and horticultural farm soil to observe the effect of land use on soil properties. Soil samples were collected from four depths vice: 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-60 cm of each land use. Soil pH, texture, organic matter, total nitrogen, available P, K and soil colour were determined. Particle-size distribution showed that most of the soils were medium textured with silt loam textural classes. Soil pH ranged between 6.22 – 6.64. pH of the surface soil was lower and increased with the increased of soil depth. Organic matter of all soils ranged from 0.21-1.70% where most of the soils were low to medium in level. There was a clear stratification of soil organic matter and it decreases with increased of depth. The highest soil organic matter was determine in NPKSZn fertilized cultivated soil followed by non cultivated soil NPKFYM applied soil, control plot of paddy soil and the lowest in horticultural farm soil. Total nitrogen followed the similar trend. Total nitrogen was varied from 0.020-0.109% where most of the soils were very low to medium in level. The available Phosphorus (P) was varied from 0.45-24.48 mg kg-1, where most of the soils were very low to optimum in level. The exchangeable potassium (K) was varied from 28.20-167.20 mg kg-1 where most of the soils were low to optimum in level. Cultivated rice growing surface soil had a lower K content than the sub-surface soil. The highest K content was observed in non cultivated soil. Wetland cultivation changes the soil color from dark grey to very dark gray. But dry land cropping turned the colour to reddish brown

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

BACKGROUND: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. METHODS: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. FINDINGS: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. INTERPRETATION: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing

Impact of Improved Agro-techniques on Sustainable Livelihood Empowerment: An Economic Study from West Bengal

The study has assessed the impact of viable technological interventions on food and livelihood security to the farmers of four selected disadvantaged districts, viz. Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda and Murshidabad of West Bengal as a part of National Agricultural Innovation Project. The participatory and personal interview methods were followed to collect the information. The performance of the technological interventions was studied by following “Before-After” design. The cumulative effect of the technological packages like varietals replacement (VR), resource conservation technologies (RCTs), new crop sequencing (NCS), integrated farming system (IFS) increased the cropping intensity and augmented productivity for all major cereals (49.63%), oilseeds (43.02%), pulses (58.44%) and potato (23.85%), addressing the food insecurity issue of around 64.26 per cent farm families. The net effect resulted in higher return from the enterprises like crop, livestock, poultry, and aquaculture and value addition to the tune of 25.96 per cent, 86.04 per cent, 67.43 per cent, 45.59 per cent and 179.06 per cent, respectively and generating 27.19 per cent enhanced employment from different enterprises. Undoubtedly, the latest proven and economically viable technologies like RCT, VR, NCS, IFS and backyard poultry and goatery rearing have a good positive impact on food and nutritional security, leading to improvement of livelihood sustainability

Environmental awareness among the industrial workers: A study in Tangail district, Bangladesh

The Principal determination of the study was to fix the extent of environmental sentience among the different classes of industrial workers. A hundred ten workers were selected through purposive sampling technique from several industries in the region of Tangail district, Bangladesh. Among the selected workers, the female respondents were 37 in number and rests of the 73 were male. The workers were asked questions to appraise their level of understanding considering environment, environmental issues, and their persuasion to solve the different environmental problems. The determinations disclosed that, majority (91.8%) of the workers have approximately general conception about environment, idea about pollution of environmental constituents, Global warming and climate change awareness. From the view of most (85.5%) of the workers, the country is most vulnerable due to environmental pollution and not executing competent rules and ordinance along with public awareness

A disruption recovery model in a production-inventory system with demand uncertainty and process reliability

This paper develops a risk management tool for a productioninventory system that involves an imperfect production process and faces production disruption and demand uncertainty. In this paper, the demand uncertainty is represented as fuzzy variable and the imperfectness is expressed as process reliability. To deal with the production scheduling in this environment, a non-linear constrained optimization model has been formulated with an objective of maximizing the graded mean integration value (GMIV) of the total expected profit. The model is applied to solve the production-inventory problem with single as well as multiple disruptions on a real time basis that basically revises the production quantity in each cycle in the recovery time window. We propose a genetic algorithm (GA) based heuristic to solve the model and obtain an optimal recovery plan. A numerical example is presented to explain usefulness of the developed model. © 2013 IFIP International Federation for Information Processing