Exploration of the Nature of Active Learning in Elementary School Science Class: Focussing on Learning-Problem Making and the Method of Interchange Between Groups

本研究の目的は，子どもの学び合いの姿を明らかにするとともに，アクティブ・ラーニングの実質化のための示唆を得ることである。その目的の達成に向けて，自然事象と子どもの素朴概念とのギャップが子どもに意識できるようにする導入を行うとともに，実験後には他グループと交流できる「フリータイム」を採り入れた授業を実践し，子どもの学びを分析した。その結果，子どもは自ら学習を開始し，他の子どもが考えた仮説や検証方法であっても共感的に理解して実験を行えることが明らかになった。また，子どもは自ら目的意識をもって他のグループへ行き，実験を行ったり納得できるまで話し合い活動を行ったりしながら，学級全体で合意することができることが分かった。加えて，アクティブ・ラーニングの実質化のためには，共に学ぶ学級の全員が納得できることをゴールとするという意識を子どもに培い続けることや，子どもには主体的・対話的で深く学び合う力があることを教師が認識し，その力を発揮できるような授業をデザインすると共に，子どもの学び合いをコーディネートすることが必要であるという示唆を得た。This study aimed to clarify children's interaction and to suggest for the enrichment of active learning. After the classes where children recognized and investigated problems from natural events, and then they interacted with other groups in "Free Time", the data of their learning were analyzed. It was clarified that children started learning by themselves and other’s ideas could be understood empathically and investigated. In addition, children could agree in the whole class by going to other groups with purposes, conducting experiments and talking until they were satisfied. It was suggested that in order to enrich active learning, teachers need to continue to cultivate chilren’s awareness that one goal of science learning is the agreement in whole class, to recognize that children have the ability to learn independently, interactively and deeply, to design classes that children can demonstrate their power, and to coordinate the learning of children in class

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements