Socio-Demographic Factors Associate with Fear of Crime in Bangladesh: A Study in Urban Area

Fear of crime is a concerning issue which led to a whole series of behavioral reactions which negatively affect the quality of life in the society. This study examines the public perceptions of the risks and fear of crime in Bangladesh in relation to urban environment. Drawing upon fear of crime literature and collecting primary data this study will enable researchers to explore the nature of the urban fear of crime in Bangladesh and will find association between socio demographic factor and fear of crime by identifying the possible vulnerable time and place of crime victimization; level of safety at the neighborhood and home and identifying factors affecting victim’s level of fear of crime. The subject of this study was composed of 3957 respondent’s selected from 12th city corporations followed by probability sampling method for collecting information from the general peoples who have victimized and have a fear of crime. The study found that fear of crime is found to be higher with the stranger; people seem to be feared while in the dark time after 6 pm. Many factors affect the fear of crime such as lengthy procedure of criminal justice system, news of crime at their locality, news of crossfire and poor neighborhood physical condition have impact on fear of crime. The perceptions gathered through this study will helps to take important measures and strategies to ensure safe livelihood as well as increase the performance of the law enforcement agencies

Types of Problematics that Affect Undergraduates' Competence in Translating English Collocations and Phrasal Verbs

This study explores the Libyan undergraduates' capability to comprehend English collocations and phrasal verbs and translate them into Arabic. It also targets investigating the types of obstacles that these students encounter when they translate English collocational expressions. The methodology used in this study was based on quantitative and qualitative methods where a translation test consisting of two main parts was given to sixty-two (62) female undergraduates from the English department, Faculty of Education, University of Tripoli. An in-depth analysis of participants' answers was performed, and the results were reported. The study concluded that the participants struggled to translate English collocations and phrasal verbs. In addition, the translation production reveals that grammatical, lexical, and cultural problems were the main problem areas identified in students' answers. These problems are related to the influence of LI (Arabic), lack of appropriate vocabulary, difficulty in understanding vocabulary use, lack of translation practice, the misuse of literal translation and translation teaching methods. However, though the cultural gap between  L1 (Arabic) and L2  (English) is huge, it could be minimized and bridged by using new techniques in teaching collocations and translation and frequent practice in translation.&nbsp

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

শান্তিময় পরিবেশ রক্ষায় গ্রন্থাগার ও তথ্য সেবার ভূমিকা

একটি সমাজ তথা দেশ বা জাতীয়ভাবে লাইব্রেরী ও তথ্য সেবার ভূমিকা পালনের মাধ্যমে শান্তিময় পরিবেশ থাকবে কি খাকবে না, এই প্রবন্ধের মূল ভিত্তি গ্রোথিত। যে কোন সংকট বা দ্বন্দ্বের প্রতিষেধক শান্তি; সমাজে ও দেশের অভ্যন্তরে ও বাইরে আশেপাশে শান্তি-শৃঙ্খলা বজায় না থাকলে কোন জাতি তথা দেশ সত্যিকারের উন্নয়ন অনুভব করতে পারে না। শান্তি ও উন্নয়ন একটি অপরটির পরিপূরক; যা সংকট মোকাবিলায় একটি প্রতিশেধক হিসেবে কাজ করে। উন্নয়ন ও শান্তি অনুশীলনের জন্য মূখ্যত প্রয়োজন হয় শিক্ষা। প্রাতিষ্ঠানিক কিংবা অপ্রাতিষ্ঠানিক-উভয় শিক্ষাই মানব সমাজকে জ্ঞান লাভের অনুপ্রেরণা যোগাতে সক্ষম। জনগণের মধ্যে যথাযথ শিক্ষা তথা জ্ঞান ছাড়া কোন অর্থবহ উন্নয়ন ঘটতে পারে না। জীবনব্যাপী শিক্ষা ও জ্ঞান অর্জনের ভিত্তি হচ্ছে গ্রন্থাগার এবং তথ্য সেবা। অতএব, আজকের বিশ্বে শান্তির প্রয়োজনীয়তা বিবেচনা করে জাতীয় সংকট বা দ্বন্দ্ব সমাধানের জন্য শান্তিপূর্ণ পরিবেশ বজায় রাখতে গ্রন্থাগারিক এবং তথ্য বিজ্ঞানীরা কৌশলগতভাবে দক্ষতা অর্জন করতে পেরেছেন এবং সেবা প্রদানেও যথেষ্ট পারদর্শী হয়ে উঠেছেন। এ প্রবন্ধে ‘অ-অভিজ্ঞতামূলক’ (non-empirical) এবং ‘তথ্যভিত্তিক’ (documentary) গবেষণা পদ্ধতি অনুসরণ করা হয়েছে। উল্লেখ্য যে, দুইজন ব্যক্তি একইভাবে চিন্তা এবং দৃশ্যত সাদৃশ্য দেখতে পায় না, বক্ষমান প্রবন্ধে কীভাবে সমাজের বসবাসকারীরা যুক্তি প্রদর্শন করে এবং গ্রন্থাগার সেবা ব্যবহার করে সমানভাবে চিন্তা করতে পারে সাদৃশ্যময়তা প্রত্যক্ষ করতে পারে তার উপর আলোচনা করা হয়েছে। ফলে, এই প্রবন্ধের উদ্দেশ্য হচ্ছে একাডেমিক গ্রন্থাগার, গণগ্রন্থাগার ও তথ্য কেন্দ্রসমূহ ব্যবহার করে এবং গ্রন্থাগার সমিতিগুলো সম্পূরক কার্যক্রম গ্রহণ করে জাতীয় সংকট ও দ্বন্ধ নিরসন করে কীভাবে গ্রন্থাগারিক ও তথ্যবিজ্ঞানীরা সমাজে ও রাষ্ট্রে প্রভাব বিস্তার ও ভূমিকা পালন করে শান্তিময় পরিবেশ রক্ষা করতে সক্ষম তারই মূল্যায়ন করা হয়েছে। সামাজিক ও জাতীয় সংকট বা দ্বন্দ্বের বিভিন্ন কারণ নির্ণয় এবং নিরসনের উপায়গুলো চিহ্নিত করা হয়েছে যা গ্রন্থাগার ব্যবহার ও তথ্যসেবা প্রদান করে মোকাবেলা করা যেতে পারে, এর মধ্যে রয়েছে: বিকল্প বিরোধ নিষ্পত্তি, আন্তঃবিবাদের সমাধান, সমঝোতা এবং মধ্যস্থতাকারীর ভূমিকা। সামাজিক ও জাতীয় সংকট বা দ্বন্দ্ব সমাধানে গ্রন্থাগার এবং তথ্য সেবার চ্যালেঞ্জগুলোও উপস্থাপন করা হয়েছে, উপসংহার এবং সুপারিশ উপস্থাপন করা হয়েছে

The impact of Islamic social finance on sustainable development goals to alleviate poverty in Muslim countries: a new paradigm for zakat organizations in Bangladesh

This research focuses on the issue of effect of Islamic social finance in the Muslim countries and especial reference to Bangladesh to alleviate poverty through managing zakat and other forms of social finance in Islam such as, waqf and sadaqah. Islamic social finance in Muslim countries including zakat, was estimated at almost $2tn in 2015 and is expected to exceed$3tn by 2020. Existing zakat management system in Muslim countries is not developed up to the level with the advance technology and innovation to rescue the Muslim nations from poverty. Therefore, this research is planning to recommend a new framework that evaluates the success factors of zakat management and distribution system by using FinTech to establish a clear and trusted system that will help zakat collection and provide transparent distribution channels to alleviate poverty in Bangladesh and establishing social protection system and in achieving SDGs of Bangladesh including Muslim countries. The inductive method was applied to examine data from secondary sources for this qualitative study which focused on how Bangladesh and the Muslim countries could make remarkable progress in the future to develop an Islamic social protection system and FinTech for zakat management system to achieve SDGs with especial focuses to Bangladesh

Interleukin 1β (+3954;-511) genotype polymorphism and its association with severe chronic generalized periodontitis in the Malaysian population

Introduction: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in interleukin 1β (IL-1β) gene have been known to be associated with increased susceptibility to chronic periodontitis among various ethnic populations. SNPs are more commonly observed at loci + 3954 and-511. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of IL-1β gene polymorphism at loci +3954 and-511, and its association with severe chronic generalized periodontitis among the ethnic Malay, Chinese, and Indians within the Malaysian population.Materials and Methods: Saliva samples from 120 subjects (60 cases and 60 controls) in the age group of 25-50 years were collected for isolation of genetic material using Norgen technique. Clinical attachment loss of ≥5 mm was considered as severe chronic generalized periodontitis. SNP's at loci +3954 and-511 were identified and analyzed using Kompetitive Allele Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Genotyping System (KASP). Differences in the allele/genotype frequencies were assessed by Chi-square test (P < 0.05).Results: On the comparison between cases and controls of IL-1β genotype polymorphism (+3954 and-511), the difference in the genotype frequencies was statistically insignificant in all the three ethnicities. The genotype frequency in both groups in all three ethnicities of the Malaysian population was similar.Conclusion: IL-1β genotype polymorphism at +3954 and-511 was found to be not associated with severe chronic generalized periodontitis among the three ethnicities in Malaysia. Studies with larger sample size should be done to confirm the findings of this study

Lessons learned from the disruption of dental training of Malaysian students studying in Egypt during the Arab Spring

Background: Political crisis and worsening security situation in Egypt in late 2013 resulted in Malaysian students who were pursuing their dental education in Egypt being recalled home to Malaysia. The Ministry of Higher Education in Malaysia took steps to integrate these students into public and private universities in Malaysia. Methods: We used a questionnaire and informal interviews to learn from students returning from Egypt about their experiences transitioning from dental schools in Egypt to Malaysia. Results: We discuss the challenges students faced with regards to credit transfer, pastoral care, the differences in the curriculum between the dental faculties of the two nations, and the financial implications of this disruption of their training. Discussion: We live in a fragile world where similar political situations will surely arise again. The approaches used by the Malaysian government and the lessons learned from these students may help others. The perspectives of these students may help educators reintegrate expatriate students who are displaced by political instability back into the education system of their own countries