The Effect of In-Service Training Courses on Teacher Achievement: A Meta-analysis Study

One of the ways for teachers to improve classroom activities and student achievement is to receive in-service training (IST). This study examines theses that deal with the effects of IST on teachers‘ achievement by means of meta-analysis. A total of five theses, chosen through screening conducted by specified criteria, were included in this meta-analysis. The effect sizes, obtained from these presented theses, were combined, a common effect size belonging to the efficiency of IST courses (Hedge’s g =3.819) was calculated and the organized IST courses were determined to be highly effective within the thesis. It was revealed that there were not enough studies conducted in Turkey that measure the empirical effectiveness of IST and exploring the effectiveness of IST courses was demonstrated to be a virgin area for researchers

Use of Mulberry Pomace As Substrate For Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Mt-4

DergiPark: 670859trkjnatDut posası (DP), geleneksel bir Türk yiyeceği olan pekmez'in üretiminden sonra ortaya çıkan bir atık maddedir. Bu çalışma, Aspergillus niger MT-4 ile sitrik asit (SA) üretimi için DP’nin substrat olarak kullanılabilirliğini test etmek için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca, SA üretimini artırmak için bazı kültür koşulları da optimize edilmiştir. MP’nin nem, toplam karbonhidrat, suda-çözünür karbonhidrat, protein, lipid ve kül içerikleri sırasıyla %31,1; 47,1; 1,3; 13,4; 1,8 ve 1,4 olarak belirlenmiştir. Deneyler, üretim besiyerinin 100 ml’sini içeren 250 ml'lik erlenler içerisinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hem fungal biyokütle (FB) hem de SA üretimi için optimum DP konsantrasyonu, 120 gr/lt olarak belirlenmiştir. DP bazlı ortama eklenen tüm KH2PO4 konsantrasyonlarının SA üretimini azalttığı fakat FB üretimini artırdığı belirlenmiştir. SA üretimi için MgSO4 ve (NH4)2SO4’ün optimal konsantrasyonları sırasıyla 1 ve 2 gr/lt olarak bulunmuştur. Diğer optimal parametreler, başlangıç pH'sı 7,0 ve inkübasyon süresi 5 gün olarak belirlenmiştir. Optimize edilmiş kültür koşulları altında, üretilen SA miktarı 24,6 gr/lt olarak belirlenmiştir. Beşinci günde, Yp/s; Yp/x ve Yx/s sırasıyla 0,2 gr SA/gr DP; 1,43 gr SA/gr FB ve 0,14 gr FB/gr DP olarak hesaplanmıştır. DP'nin SA dahil mikrobiyal metabolitlerin üretimi için fermentasyon substratı olarak kullanılabilirliği ilk kez bu çalışmada test edilmiştir.Mulberry pomace (MP) is a waste material obtained after the production of pekmez, a traditional Turkish food. This study was performed to test the usability of MP as substrate for citric acid (CA) production by Aspergillus niger MT-4 for the first time. In the study, some culture conditions were also optimized to increase CA production in MP-based medium. Moisture, total carbohydrate, water-soluble carbohydrate, protein, lipid and ash contents of MP were determined as 31.1, 47.1, 1.3, 13.4, 1.8 and 1.4%, respectively. Experiments were carried out in 250 mL flasks containing 100 mL of production medium. Optimal MP concentration for both fungal biomass (FB) and CA production was determined as 120 g/L. All concentrations of KH2PO4 added to MP-based medium were found to decrease CA production but increase FB production. Optimal concentrations of MgSO4 and (NH4)2SO4 for CA production were found as 1 and 2 g/L, respectively. The other optimal parameters were determined as an initial pH of 7.0 and an incubation period of 5 days. Under the optimized culture conditions, the amount of CA produced was determined as 24.6 g/L. On day 5, Yp/s, Yp/x and Yx/s were calculated as 0.2 g CA/g MP, 1.43 g CA/g FB and 0.14 g FB/g MP, respectively.

Ocena czynników ryzyka w odmianie wysokokomórkowej przerzutowego/ /nawrotowego raka brodawkowatego tarczycy

Introduction. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common malignant thyroid tumor. A great majority of the cases live a disease-free life with quite favorable prognosis. There are lots of variants of PTC and a few of them exhibit aggressive behaviour. Typical example is the tall cell variant (TCV). Patients experience a greater incidence of recurrence, nodal and extranodal metastases, tumor associated mortality than other variants of PTC. Studies related to TCV almost always compared it with its patient population of PTC according to risk factors and clinicopathologic features. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk factors in metastatic/recurrent TCV. Materials and Methods. This is a retrospective cohort study of 1813 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma treated with radioiodine between 1992 and 2011. 56 of these patients are TCV. 34 of them developed metastasis/recurrence and 22 lived a disease-free life during the 23-year follow-up. We evaluated the risk factors in these metastatic and nonmetastatic subgroups. Results. We found tumor size, preablation thyroglobulin level, vascular invasion, preablation central and lateral cervical lymph node metastasis, preablation lung metastasis and stage independent risk factors. However age, preablation thyroglobulin level and stage appeared together as striking factors impacting metastasis in multivariate analysis. Conclusion. Higher ablation doses up to 250-300 mCi should be administered to TCV patients having advanced stage (III,IV), pretty high preablation thyroglobulin level (over 400 ng/ml) and older age (over 52 years) especially with large tumor size (over 3.5 cm) and initial cervical lymph node metastasis.Wstęp. Rak brodawkowaty tarczycy (papillary thyroid carcinoma, PTC) jest najczęstszym nowotworem złośliwym tego narządu. U przeważającej większości chorych możliwe jest całkowite wyleczenie, a rokowanie jest dobre. Występuje wiele odmian PTC, spośród których nieliczne są bardziej agresywne. Typowym przykładem takich nowotworów jest odmiana wysokokomórkowa (tall cell variant, TCV). Cechuje się ona częstszym występowaniem wznów, przerzutów do węzłów chłonnych i pozawęzłowych oraz większą śmiertelnością z powodu choroby nowotworowej niż inne odmiany PTC. Badania dotyczące TCV niemal zawsze mają na celu porównanie tej grupy chorych z populacją chorych na PTC w odniesieniu do czynników ryzyka oraz parametrów klinicznych i patomorfologicznych. Celem niniejszego badania jest ocena czynników ryzyka w przerzutowym/nawrotowym TCV. Materiał i metody. Było to retrospektywne badanie kohortowe obejmujące 1813 chorych ze zróżnicowanym rakiem tarczycy leczonych jodem promieniotwórczym w latach 1992–2011. U 56 osób z tej grupy rozpoznano TCV. U 34 z nich stwierdzono przerzut/nawrót, a w przypadku 22 chorych potwierdzono przeżycie wolne od choroby przez okres 4–23 lat. Autorzy ocenili czynniki ryzyka w podgrupach chorych z przerzutami i bez przerzutów. Wyniki. Stwierdzono, że niezależnymi czynnikami ryzyka są wielkość guza, stężenie tyreoglobuliny przed ablacją, unaczynienie guza, przerzuty to węzłów chłonnych szyjnych środkowych i tylnych oraz do płuc przed ablacją, a także stopień zaawansowania choroby. Jednak najważniejszymi czynnikami ryzyka przerzutów w analizie wieloczynnikowej okazały się wiek, stężenie tyreoglobuliny przed ablacją i stopień zaawansowania choroby nowotworowej. Wnioski. U chorych z TCV w zaawansowanym stadium (III, IV), z wysokimi stężeniami tyreoglobuliny (> 400 ng/ml) i w starszym wieku (> 52 lata), a zwłaszcza u osób z dużym rozmiarem guza (> 3,5 cm) i obecnymi przerzutami do węzłów chłonnych szyjnych, należy stosować wyższe dawki ablacyjne wynoszące do 250–300 mCi.

Abnormal 18F-FDG Uptake Detected with Positron Emission Tomography in a Patient with Breast Cancer: A Case of Sarcoidosis and Review of the Literature

18F-FDG PET is a useful and sensitive imaging method for a variety of malignancies, however, the specificity is low in active infections and inflammatory diseases. We describe a female patient with stage IIIA breast cancer in first complete remission with combination chemotherapy who developed nodular formations in the lung and axilla 12 years later. Imaging studies as well as FDG PET showed nodular lesions and increased metabolic activity which was interpreted as the progression of the primary disease. She was first given combination chemotherapy and hormonal therapy but was proven thereafter to have sarcoidosis by pathologic examination and was successfully treated with corticosteroid treatment

Diagnosis and treatment of umbilical cord-derived tetanus in neonatal calves

In this study, umbilical cord-derived neonatal tetanus in calves was identified in Turkey. Four calves with tetanus-specific history and clinical findings were used. Blood samples were taken before and after treatment, and clinical findings were recorded. A tetanus-specific treatment procedure was performed. However, the calves died from not responding to treatment. Pretreatment white blood cell, peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte, creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were determined to be high. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, CK, and LDH activities were found to increase after treatment compared to before treatment. Gram-positive terminal spore-forming bacilli were observed in bacterioscopic examination of the necrotic tissue and swab samples from the umbilical cord region. The umbilical cord region was determined to be infected in all calves. In histopathological examination, pyogranuloma formation was observed in the wound area, and in Gram staining agents morphologically concordant with Clostridium tetani in necrotic material were observed. Blood serum of the calves was inoculated into mice. All mice died within 2 days after the inoculation, showing tetanus-specific clinical findings. As a result, bacterioscopy and histopathology of the umbilical cord region may be useful for diagnosis in addition to clinical findings. Mice trials may be used in confirming the diagnosis

In Vitro Regulation of the Expression of the Sars-Cov-2 Receptor Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (Ace2) in Lung Cancer Cells by Natural Products

DergiPark: 896013trkjnatThe COVID-19 pandemic continues infecting people causing deaths globally. Although various medicines have been tried to combat with COVID-19, there is no medicine or treatment that has been validated yet. People have been using natural products for centuries against bacterial and viral illnesses. This study aimed to test the effects of the biomolecule oleuropein, whey collected from industrial waste and soaproot extracts obtained from Gypsophila arrostii Guss. var. nebulosa Boiss. amp; Heldr. and Saponaria officinalis L. on the expression of the human ACE2 gene as SARS-CoV-2 receptor on the A549 adenocarcinoma cell-line by Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). According to the cytotoxicity tests, G. arrostii var. nebulosa and S. officinalis extract treatments showed a dose dependent cytotoxic effect on the cells. The EC50 values of G. arrostii var. nebulosa and S. officinalis were found to be 54.3 ?g/ml and 17.3 ?g/ml, respectively. Oleuropein showed moderate cytotoxic effects with the EC50 value over 250 ?g/ml. Whey (fermented and non-fermented) did not show any cytotoxic effect at the applied doses. The qPCR results showed that the ACE2 mRNA level decreased by 89.8% and 35.2% due to the fermented and non-fermented whey extracts, respectively. Similarly, G. arrostii var. nebulosa and S. officinalis downregulated ACE2 by 79.8% and 90.1%, respectively. In contrast, oleropein upregulated ACE2 (102.8%). Our results showed that the natural supporting products produced from soaproot extracts and fermented whey can be used against COVID-19 by both cancer patients and people in potential risk groups. COVID-19 pandemisi tüm dünyada küresel çapta insanları enfekte etmeye ve ölümlere neden olmaya devam etmektedir. COVID-19 ile mücadelede birçok ilaç denenmiş olmasına karşın henüz herhangi bir ilaç veya tedavi yöntemi onaylanmamıştır. İnsanlar yüzyıllardan bu yana hastalıklara karşı doğal ürünleri kullanmışlardır. Bu çalışmadaki amacımız bir biyomolekül olan oleuropein, endüstriyel atık olarak bertaraf edilen peynir altı suyu ve Gypsophila arrostii Guss. var. nebulosa Boiss. amp; Heldr. ve Saponaria officinalis L. bitkilerinden elde edilen ekstraktların A549 kanserli hücre hatlarında ACE2 reseptörünü kodlayan ACE2 geninin anlatım seviyesi üzerine etkilerini Gerçek Zamanlı Kantitatif Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (qPCR) ile belirlemektedir. Yaptığımız sitotoksisite testlerine göre G. arrostii var. nebulosa ve S. officinalis ekstraktları sırası ile 54,3 ?g/ml ve 17,3 ?g/ml EC50 değerleri ile doza bağımlı sitotoksik etki gösterirken, oleuropein 250 ?g/ml’nin üzerinde bir değerle orta dereceli sitotoksik etki göstermiştir. Öte yandan peynir altı suyu (ferment eve fermente edilmeyen), çalışmada kullanılan dozlarda sitotoksik etki göstermemiştir. qPCR sonuçlarına göre fermente edilmiş ve edilmemiş peynir altı suyunun ACE2 genine ait mRNA seviyesini sırası ile %89,8 ve %35,2 oranlarında düşürdüğü belirlenmiştir. Benzer şekilde G. arrostii var. nebulosa ve S. officinalis ekstraktlarının ACE2 geni mRNA seviyesini sırası ile %79,8 ve %90,1 oranında düşürdüğü belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçların aksine oleuropein biyomolekülünün ACE2 mRNA seviyesini %102,8 oranında arttırdığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre kullanılan bitki ekstraktlarının ve fermente edilmiş peynir altı suyunun COVID-19 ile mücadelede kanser hastalarında ve risk gruplarında kullanılabilecek doğal destek ürünlerinin üretilmesinde kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Evalution for the targets of state painting sculpture competitons

Türkiye’de sanat alanına yeni eserler kazandırmak ve sanatçıları desteklemek amacıyla, 1939-2018 yılları arasında düzenlenmiş olan devlet destekli Devlet Resim Heykel Yarışmaları, sanat alanına kattığı değerler, yarışma katalogları, literatür ve kaynak taraması yapılarak incelenmiştir. 1939-2018 yılları arasında düzenlenen Devlet Resim Heykel Sergisilerinde katılımcıların sayıları, sergilenen eserlerin sayılarındaki değişimler ve ödül miktarları da ele alınarak yarışmada olan artış azalış miktarlarının grafikleri oluşturulmuştur. Yapılan inceleme ve gözlem sonucunda, yarışmalarla ilgili tespit edilen bazı aksaklık ve problemlerin çözümüne yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur. Üniversitelerin Güzel Sanatlar Fakültelerinde görev yapan akademisyenlere Devlet Resim Heykel Yarışmasının hedeflerine yönelik anket uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anket sonucunda elde edilen veriler de dikkate alınarak önümüzdeki dönemde yapılması planlanan Devlet Resim Heykel Yarışmalarının daha sağlıklı zeminlerde yapılabilmesine yönelik öneriler getirilmiştir.In order to gain new works in the field of art in Turkey and to support artists, the state-sponsored State painting and sculpture competitions organized between 1939 and 2018 were examined by scanning the values, competition catalogues, literature and resources added to the field of art. In the State Painting and Sculpture Exhibitions held between 1939 and 2018, the numbers of participants, the changes in the exhibited works and the number of awards were taken into consideration, and the graphics of the increase and decrease in the competition were created. As a result of the examination and observation, suggestions were presented to solve some problems and problems identified in the competitions. A survey was conducted for the academicians working in the Faculties of Fine Arts of universities for the goals of the state painting and Sculpture Competition. Taking into account the data obtained as a result of the survey, suggestions have been made for the state painting and sculpture competitions planned to be held in the coming period to be held on respectable grounds