Utforsking av andrespråksutvikling hos flerspråklige barn

Flerspråklighet er et svært aktuelt tema i dagens samfunn, og derfor er det avgjørende at personalet i barnehagen har kunnskap om hvordan de skal håndtere dette. Det er essensielt at personalet er kjent med ulike språkstrategier, og er bevisste på nødvendigheten av tilpasninger. Hvis et barn trenger å føle seg trygt, bør det legges til rette for det. Når det gjelder utvikling av språk og ordforråd, er det viktig å velge riktige materialer for å støtte denne prosessen. Dersom et barn er nybegynner og flerspråklig i barnehagen, kan det møte utfordringer der det for eksempel har vanskeligheter med å uttrykke tanker og følelser. Vår nysgjerrighet har vært rettet mot barnehagelærerens kompetanse innen språkutvikling og deres strategier for å støtte flerspråklige barns språkutvikling. Det er åpenbart at kompetanseheving spiller en sentral rolle, da vi mener at barnehagelærere kan bidra til personalets faglige utvikling og opprettholde kvaliteten i barnehagens tilbud. Gjennom kompetanseheving i personalet legger barnehagen til rette for en helhetlig læringsarena for alle barn. Vi vil gjerne belyse hvordan kan barnehagelærer legge til rette for andrespråkutvikling hos flerspråklige barn i alderen 3-6 år gjennom samlingsstund. Samlingsstunden er særlig aktuell fordi der samles alle barn i avdelingen til felles aktivitet uavhengig av deres forutsetning språkkompetanse.Multilingualism is a very relevant topic in today's society, and therefore it is crucial that the staff in the nursery have knowledge of how to deal with this. It is essential that the staff are familiar with different language strategies, and are aware of the necessity of adaptations. If a child needs to feel safe, it should be provided for. When it comes to language and vocabulary development, it is important to choose the right materials to support this process. If a child is a beginner and multilingual in kindergarten, he may face challenges where he has difficulty expressing his thoughts and feelings, for example. Our curiosity has been directed towards the kindergarten teacher's competence in language development and their strategies to support multilingual children's language development. It is obvious that skills development plays a central role, as we believe that kindergarten teachers can contribute to the staff's professional development and maintain the quality of the kindergarten's offer. Through skills development in the staff, the nursery school provides a comprehensive learning arena for all children. We would like to shed light on how kindergarten teachers can facilitate second language development in multilingual children aged 3-6 through group time. The meeting time is particularly relevant because all the children in the ward come together for a joint activity, regardless of their prerequisite language competence

Influence of Sleep on Academic Performance among Nursing students-Najran University; KSA

oai:ojs2.www.ijhbs.com:article/1Background and objective: Nursing students are exposed to high level of pressure due to their academic responsibilities beside other stressors. They may not be able to sleep adequately due to many assignments, examinations and other personal activities. Thus, they are at increased risk for sleep disorders. The main objective of the current study was to identify the association between sleeping patterns and the students' academic performance. Methodology: By adopting a convenience sampling technique, 60 female nursing students had been invited to participate in this study. A close-ended questionnaire was utilized for collecting the data beside obtaining the academic score (GPA) from the students' records. Results: The mean age ± standard deviation (SD) was 22.4 ± 3.1 years. Majority of students 46 (76.7%) their ages above 21 years old and half of them their GPA range between 2.0 – 3.49. 85% of the studied subjects use to sleep about four to six hours per day although 20% of them don't use to have day nap. Interestingly, 73.3% of them are currently living with their families which is correlated significantly with their GPA (P value = 0.05). Additionally, Day nap and duration of sleep hours per day were found to be statistically significant with their GPA (P value < 0.05) respectively. On the other hand, the body mass index was not statistically significant with their GPA (P value > 0.05). Conclusion & Discussion: Sleepiness and low sleep quantity were prevalent among nursing students which was affecting their academic performance and daytime functioning. Thus students with symptoms of sleep disorders are more likely to obtain poor grades in classes and accordingly poor academic achievement. So there should be suitable programs to help students to identify the physical as well as psychological symptoms as early as possible and therefore, providing adequate guidance to improve their academic as well as physical performance. Additionally, any student that performs poorly in academics should be monitored and referred to the concerned professional for help

Formulation and Characterization of Thymoquinone Bioadhesive Gel for Treatment of Chronic Gum Inflammation

The aim of study is to formulate Thymoquinone gel and investigate its effect in chronic periodontitis in terms of clinical periodontal parameters, anti-oxidant capacity and the levels of IL-1β in gingival crevicular fluid. different gelling agents (carbopol, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and chitosan) were used for the development of TQ gel. The optimized gel formulation was used for the clinical study. The study was conducted on 68 subjects (25-58 years old). 48 patients were clinically diagnosed with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis. Patients were divided into three groups; Group I (24 patients): received non-surgical periodontal therapy and Thymoquinone-chitosan gel (0.1 % w/w), Group II (24 patients): received only non-surgical periodontal therapy and Group III: 20 healthy subjects (control group). All patients were evaluated for clinical parameters including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL).  The levels of IL-1β and total anti-oxidant capacity were recorded in gingival crevicular fluid at baseline (prior to treatment) and at weeks 4 and 12 after treatment. The results showed that combination of non-surgical periodontal therapy and Thmoquinone gel (group I)  exhibited statistically significant improvement in biochemical parameters compared to non-surgical periodontal therapy alone (group II). In conclusion we can say that the adjunctive use of thymoquinone gel with non-surgical periodontal therapy improves the biochemical parameters accompanied with chronic periodontitits significantly after 4 weeks only

Prevalence of hamstrings tightness and its impact on lower extremity function in asymptomatic individuals with prolonged standing hours

Background: Hamstrings undergo adaptive shortening. It is common in healthy individuals to have a sedentary lifestyle affecting males (91.8%) more than females (78.7%). Hamstring tightness can interrupt ADL’s predisposing the person to further health problems i.e. plantar fasciitis, sacroiliac joint pain, decreased lumbar lordosis, knee pain, quadriceps malfunction, postural disturbances, overstretched lumbar ligaments, reduced muscle strength. Aims and Objectives: To analyze the prevalence of hamstring tightness and its effects on lower extremity function in individuals with prolonged standing. Materials and Methods: 65 participants were chosen for this cross-sectional study by convenient sampling; all were female nurses. The hamstring tightness was measured by the data collection tools i.e. lower limb task questionnaire, straight leg raise test, and active knee extension test after having the consent forms signed by the participants. The data was collected from three big hospitals in the city. Results: The results of the study conducted to see the prevalence of hamstrings tightness and its impact on lower extremity function in asymptomatic individuals with prolonged standing hours showed that only 15.38% of the sample (n=65) with a mean age of 31-35 years were found with bilateral hamstrings tightness while 84.62% were found with no hamstrings tightness. Conclusion: The prevalence of hamstring tightness in asymptomatic individuals with prolonged standing hours is low

Drought Risk Assessment in the Khushab Region of Pakistan Using Satellite Remote Sensing and Geospatial Methods

Drought is a harmful and slow natural phenomenon that has significant effects on the economy, social life,agriculture and environment of the country. Due to its slow process it is difficult to study this phenomenon. RemoteSensing and GIS tools play a key role in studying different hazards like droughts. The main objective of the study wasto investigate drought risk by using GIS and Remote Sensing techniques in district Khushab, Pakistan. Landsat ETMimages for the year 2003, 2009 and 2015 were utilized for spatial and temporal analysis of agricultural andmeteorological drought. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) andrainfall anomaly indices were calculated to identify the drought prone areas in the study area. To monitormeteorological drought SPI values were used and NDVI was calculated for agricultural drought. These indices wereintegrated to compute the spatial and temporal drought maps. Three zones; no drought, slight drought and moderatedrought were identified. Final drought map shows that 30.21% of the area faces moderate drought, 28.36% faces slightdrought while nearly 41.3% faces no drought situation. Drought prevalence and severity is present more in the southernpart of Khushab district than the northern part. Most of the northern part is not under any type of drought. Thus, anoverall outcome of this study shows that risk areas can be assessed appropriately by integration of various data sourcesand thereby management plans can be prepared to deal with the hazard

Evaluation of Lumber Spine Stenosis on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlating with Its Clinical Manifestation

Lumber spine stenosis (LSS) is one of the major reasons of spinal surgery all over the globe. Despite using standard Diagnostic tools for LSS, the clinical and imaging findings often do not correlate. Over past years, the central spinal canal stenosis is assumed to be the diagnoses of lower back pain, while other anatomical stenosis (i.e lateral recess stenosis) not gaining as much attention. This fact assumed to be the reason for failed back surgery. In this context numerous studies in past have done. The aim of this study is to verify the clinical manifestation of LSS correlation to its Diagnostic find. To evaluate the lumbar spine stenosis on magnetic resonance imaging & correlating with its clinical manifestations. The duration of study was three months. Study was done at Lahore General Hospital, Pakistan. A cross-sectional analytical study included 120 patients. According our study the patients comes with lumber spine stenosis at different levels. At L4L5 presents 39 (32.5%) patients, 47(39.2%) patients reveal at the level of L5S1, 14 (11.7%) patients at L2L3, and only 3 (2.5%) patients appear at the level of L1L2, 19 (15.8%) patients show stenosis at L3L4 Then we correlate the pain intensity with all lumber spine levels and the results are 35 (29.2%) patients are absent and 85 (70.8%) presents at the level of L4L5. On the level of L5S1 pain intensity is absent in 81 (67.5%) patients, & present in 39 (32.5) patients. On the level of L2L3 106 (83.5%) absent and 14 (11.7%) patients are present pain intensity.  On the level of L1L2 117 (97.5%) absent of pain intensity and only 3 (2.5%) patients are present with pain intensity. The study concluded that the clinical manifestation of lumber spine stenosis to devise the management plan for the patient for better diagnoses in magnetic resonance imaging in LSS. Keywords: Lumber spine stenosis, manifestation, MRI DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/90-10 Publication date:June 30th 202

Frequency of venous thromboembolism during hajj sessions 2017-2019 in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), both are serious health risks. In western countries, VTE affects about 114 to 184 people per 100,000. Asian populations have a significantly lower incidence than western populations. The true incidence of VTE is still not well documented in Saudi Arabia (KSA). There are different major risk factors especially in hajj season that predispose a person to thrombosis. The mortality rate of autopsy-based pulmonary embolism reaches up to 30%. Methods: This single-centered retrospective descriptive study was done in security forces hospital Makkah, Saudi Arabia during hajj period (30 days) for consecutive three-year. All admitted confirmed DVT and PE patients (N=32) of both genders with age >14 years were included. Patients’ data were extracted from the electronic medical record. Data were analysed by SPSS version 23. Results: Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was developed in 67.7% while 19.3% of patients suffered from pulmonary embolism (PE) out of a total of 32 subjects. Females were more affected by 18 (56.3%) than males by 14 (43.8%). The mean age of patients was 51.78 years (SD ±16.21). A statistically significant association (p<0.005) between provoked VTE status and age, immobility, and history of surgery was seen. There was no mortality documented in this study. Conclusions: This study provides insights into hajj period hospital admitted patients’ frequency of VTE, changing patient profiles, management strategies, and subsequent outcomes in patients with venous thromboembolism. There is a need for greater awareness of VTE prophylaxis about its prevention, especially in hajj season

Green inspired synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Silybum marianum (milk thistle) extract and evaluation of their potential pesticidal and phytopathogens activities

Background The green approaches for the synthesis of nanoparticles are gaining significant importance because of their high productivity, purity, low cost, biocompatibility, and environmental friendliness. Methods The aim of the current study is the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using seed extracts of Silybum marianum, which acts as a reducing and stabilizing agent. central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) optimized synthesis parameters (temperature, pH, reaction time, plant extract, and salt concentration) for controlled size, stability, and maximum yields of ZnO-NPs. Green synthesized ZnO-NPs was characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy and Zetasizer analyses. Results The Zetasizer confirmed that green synthesized ZnO-NPs were 51.80 nm in size and monodispersed in nature. The UV-visible results revealed a large band gap energy in the visible region at 360.5 nm wavelength. The bioactivities of green synthesized ZnO-NPs, including antifungal, antibacterial, and pesticidal, were also evaluated. Data analysis confirmed that these activities were concentration dependent. Bio-synthesized ZnO-NPs showed higher mortality towards Tribolium castaneum of about 78 ± 0.57% after 72 h observation as compared to Sitophilus oryzae, which only displayed 74 ± 0.57% at the same concentration and time intervals. Plant-mediated ZnO-NPs also showed high potential against pathogenic gram-positive bacteria (Clavibacter michiganensis), gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae), and two fungal strains such as Fusarium oxysporum, and Aspergillums niger with inhibition zones of 18 ± 0.4, 25 ± 0.4, 21 ± 0.57, and 19 ± 0.4 mm, respectively. Conclusion The results of this study showed that Silybum marianum-based ZnO-NPs are cost-effective and efficient against crop pests

Tutors, The Valuable Resource to Enhance Medical Students’ Motivation.

Background: Students’ academic performance is largely affected by their motivation. Moreover, health professions’ education needs motivated students who are keen to tolerate the burden of clinical work along with the academic excellence to graduate competently. This study assessed the effect of tutors on students’ motivation. Method: A cross-sectional, institution-based study of the first-year medical students at University of Khartoum, Sudan was conducted. A self-administered questionnaire was used comprising a modified Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) with students’ evaluation of their tutors after semester one community medicine course. A total of 237 out of 324 students responded. Pearson productmoment correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between motivation and evaluation. Hierarchical multiple regression model tested the ability of evaluation factors to predict motivation score. Results: There was a significant association between tutor’s characteristics regarding creativity in conducting the sessions, igniting discussion, and adequacy of knowledge about the course contents and the motivation score (p-value = 0.001). There was a strong, positive correlation between the perceived evaluation score and perceived motivation score (r = 0.505, n = 206, p < 0.0005). After controlling age, gender, paternal educational levels, and scores of Sudanese certificate upon entry, R squared change = 0.28, F change (9.181) = 8.416, p <0.001. In the final model, the content of the course was statistically significant, standardized Beta = 0.285, indicating that content uniquely explains 5.7% of the variance in total perceived motivation score. Conclusion: The evaluation score explained 28% of the variance in student motivation. Students’ motivation issignificantly associated with tutor’s teaching skills concerning knowledge, creativity, students’ involvement, and attractiveness in conducting the tutorials. Improving course content can enhance students’ motivation toward community medicine

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London