Keeping "small talk" small in health-care encounters: negotiating the boundaries between on- and off-task talk

Healthcare interactions often involve social, relational, small-talk or ‘off-task’ sequences which are largely topically distinct from the institutional business of the setting. In this paper we examine data from pre-operative assessment sessions in a Scottish hospital in order to explore the transitions between on- and off-task talk. In the majority of instances the movement between social and medical talk is routine and unproblematic, and both nurse and patient orient to the boundaried nature of off-topic talk. However, occasionally patients’ social talk evolves into personal disclosure and troubles telling which may disrupt the institutional agenda and which can lead to difficulties in the negotiation of sequence closure. Data are in British English

Managing patients’ expectations in telephone complaints

In this Conversation Analytical study we examine telephone complaints to the NHS which address a variety of issues raised by patients or their families. One area of ‘identity struggle’ for the patient caller is located in the difficult moral work that often needs to accompany the act of complaining. Complaints are an accountable activity, and legitimacy is ‘built into’ the complaint through a variety of means including invocations of the ‘right’ to complain, emotion discourse and constructions of the self as a ‘good’ or ‘reasonable’ patient. Similarly, identity conflicts arise for complaints handlers when the ideal forms of rapport involved in complaining sequences sometimes come into conflict with the institutionality of the event. It is hoped that a detailed and discursive exploration of this key stage of the patient experience will lead to productive observations about effective communicative strategies for addressing complaints in ways that successfully manage the patient’s expectations

Traumatic journeys; understanding the rhetoric of patients' complaints

Background Research on patients’ complaints about healthcare has tended to focus on the typology of complaints and complainants to homogenise complaints and better understand safety implications. Nonetheless, complaints speak to a broader spectrum of harm and suffering that go beyond formal adverse events. Complaints about care episodes can take considerable time and effort, generate negative energy and may leave a dogged ‘minority’ embittered. Methods This study provides an overview of the process and rhetoric of how patients formulate written complaints. We collated a data corpus comprising 60 letters of complaints and their responses over a period of one month. This paper focuses on the complaint letters only. National Health Service (NHS) Complaint Department staff in a healthcare area in the United Kingdom (UK) anonymized the letters. We took a broad qualitative approach to analysing the data drawing upon Discourse Analysis focusing on the rhetorical and persuasive strategies employed by the complainants. Results What patients complained about related to how they complained, with complainants expending considerable effort in persuasive rhetoric that sought to legitimise the complaint drawing upon different sources of epistemic authority. The complainants struggle to be an ‘objective’ witness as the complaint evolves from an implicit neglect narrative to increasing ‘noise’ with other features such as Direct Reported Speech used to animate and authenticate the narrative. Many of the complex complaints appeared to evidence some psychological distress. This was associated with the complainants’ reports of experiencing cumulative poor health care and their repeated failure to resolve the complaint. The subsequent delicate and potentially stigmatized formal act of complaining was a source of additional distress. Conclusions Complaints are involved narratives often predicated on the expectation they will not be given due credence. Health care staff may benefit from understanding how complaints are formulated to be able to more appropriately address the focus and extent of patients’ grievances from the outset and therefore, reduce the considerable associated harm

Recruitment, Selection and Retention of Nursing and Midwifery Students in Scottish Universities

Background: High attrition rates from pre-registration nursing and midwifery programmes have been reported in both the UK and in other countries.\ud Objectives: A study was conducted to identify best practice in recruitment, selection and retention across\ud Scottish Universities providing pre-registration programmes.\ud Design: A survey of all universities providing pre-registration programmes in Scotland was conducted.\ud Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key personnel in each university. Documentary evidence\ud was collected to supplement interview data and evidence recruitment, selection and retention practices.\ud Settings: All universities in Scotland providing pre-registration nursing and/or midwifery programmes.\ud Participants: All 10 identified universities agreed to take part and a total of 18 interviews were conducted.\ud Methods: Semi-structured face to face and telephone interviews were conducted. Relevant documentary\ud evidence was collected. All data were subject to thematic analysis.\ud Findings: Universities are predominantly concerned with recruiting to the institution and not to the professions.\ud Interviews are widely used, and are a requirement in the United Kingdom. However, there is no evidence base\ud within the literature that they have predictive validity despite creating scales and scoring systemswhich are largely\ud unvalidated.\ud The study identified initiatives aimed at addressing attrition/retention, howevermost had not been evaluated often\ud due to the multi-factorial nature of attrition/retention and difficulties with measurement.\ud Conclusions: Recruitment selection and retention initiativeswere rarely evaluated, and if so, adopted a relatively superficial\ud approach. Evidence from existing studies to support practices was mostly weakly supportive or absent.\ud The study highlights the need for a coordinated approach, supporting the development of a robust evidence\ud base through the evaluation of local initiatives, and evaluation of new strategies. Evaluation strategies must take\ud account of the local context to facilitate transferability of findings across different setting

A qualitative study of National Health Service (NHS) complaint-responses

Background Healthcare complaints are grievances that may be indicative of some system failures, individual failings, or a combination of both. Moreover, the experience of making a complaint, including its outcome, often falls short of patient expectations, particularly in relation to the interpersonal conduct of National Health Service (NHS) staff. Over half of unresolved (local) complaints are subsequently upheld by the ombudsman with others potentially resulting in costly litigation. Method A nuanced discourse analytical approach to analysing the language choices within complaint-responses could potentially provide greater insight into why many local complaints continue to remain unresolved. Over a period of 1 month we collated a data corpus of written complaints and their responses (n = 60) from an NHS healthcare area in Scotland, United Kingdom (UK) following anonymisation by NHS complaint handling staff. We took a qualitative approach to analysing the data drawing upon Discourse Analysis with this paper reporting on the complaint-responses only (n = 59). We had undertaken a similar review of the initial written complaints and this is reported elsewhere. In this paper we examine how, and to what extent, the complaint-responses fully addressed the complainants’ perceived grievances. Results The complaint-responses rarely acknowledged the amount of detail or ‘work’ involved in making the complaint. Complaint-responses constructed complainants’ accounts as subjective by using specific discourse strategies. Further, complaint responses used unintentionality or exceptionality to mitigate sub-standard experiences of care. We also observed the ‘fauxpology’ - a non-apology or false apology (e.g. I am sorry you feel) which imputes the cause of distress to the subjective (and possibly misguided) impressions of the complainant. The complaint-responses thereby evade blame or responsibility for the complainable action by implying that the complainants’ feelings do not align with the facts. Conclusions Complainants and complaint-responders work to different frames of reference. Complaint responders need to engage and align with complainants from the outset to ensure more appropriate complaint- responses. Complaint resolution as opposed to complaint handling could be enhanced by the approach of linguistic analysis and reference to the consumer literature’s justice-based approach to post-complaint behaviour

Evaluation of the Succession Planning Development Pathway for Consultant Nurses, Midwives and Allied Health Professionals.

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Developing cartoons for long-term condition self-management information

Background: Advocating the need to adopt more self-management policies has brought with it an increasing demand for information about living with and making decisions about long-term conditions, with a significant potential for using cartoons. However, the purposeful use of cartoons is notably absent in many areas of health care as is evidence of their acceptability to patients and lay others. This paper outlines the process used to develop and evaluate cartoons and their acceptability for a series of self-management guidebooks for people with inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: Principles for a process to develop information and cartoons were developed. Cartoon topics were created using qualitative research methods to obtain lay views and experiences. The CKD guidebook was used to provide a detailed exemplar of the process. Focus group and trial participants were recruited from primary care CKD registers. The book was part of a trial intervention; selected participants evaluated the cartoons during in-depth interviews which incorporated think-aloud methods. Results: In general, the cartoons developed by this process depict patient experiences, common situations, daily management dilemmas, making decisions and choices and the uncertainties associated with conditions. CKD cartoons were developed following two focus groups around the themes of getting a diagnosis; understanding the problem; feeling that facts were being withheld; and setting priorities. Think-aloud interviews with 27 trial participants found the CKD cartoons invoked amusement, recognition and reflection but were sometimes difficult to interpret. Conclusion: Humour is frequently utilised by people with long-term conditions to help adjustment and coping. Cartoons can help provide clarity and understanding and could address concerns related to health literacy. Using cartoons to engage and motivate people is a consideration untapped by conventional theories with the potential to improve information to support self-management

Caught between compassion and control: exploring the challenges associated with inpatient adolescent mental healthcare in an independent hospital

Aim. To extend our understanding of how healthcare assistants construct and managedemanding situations in a secure mental health setting and to explore the effects ontheir health and well-being, to provide recommendations for enhanced support.Background. Contemporary literature acknowledges high rates of occupationalstress and burnout among healthcare assistants, suggesting the context in whichthey work places them at elevated risk of physical harm and psychologicaldistress. Yet, there is a deficit of qualitative research exploring the experiences ofhealthcare assistants in adolescent inpatient facilities.Design. An exploratory multi-method qualitative approach was used to collectdata about the challenges faced by healthcare assistants working on secureadolescent mental health wards in an independent hospital during 2014.Method. Fifteen sets of data were collected. Ten participants completed diaryentries and five participants were also interviewed allowing for triangulation.Data were analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis.Findings. The findings illustrated how inpatient mental healthcare is a unique anddistinctive area of nursing, where disturbing behaviour is often normalized anddetached from the outside world. Healthcare assistants often experienced tensionbetween their personal moral code which orientate them towards empathy andsupport and the emotional detachment and control expected by the organization,contributing to burnout and moral distress.Conclusions. This study yielded insights into mental health nursing andspecifically the phenomenon of moral distress. Given the ever-increasing demandfor healthcare professionals, the effects of moral distress on both the lives ofhealthcare assistants and patient care, merits further study

Laughter and humour for personal development: A systematic scoping review of the evidence

The accessibility of laughter and humour make them attractive choices for self-care, and integrative medicine. There is a growing body of literature, but both fields are fragmented and the overall evidence has not been systematically reviewed. The relationship between health and personal development is increasingly recognized. This review scopes the evidence for laughter and humour interventions from the perspective of their potential benefits on personal development. A systematic scoping review used Joanna Briggs guidelines and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews Scoping Review extension (PRISMA-ScR). All-population laughter and humour interventions described in primary and secondary research from 1970, and in English, were searched in Web of Science and PubMed/Medline. Analysis of 240 primary research articles (k), and 11 systematic reviews (K), identified k = 564 discrete articles with studies involving 574,611 participants (n). Twelve large studies (n >15,000) contributed 77% of participants. Classification analysis found more research relating to humour (k = 445, n = 334,996) than laughter (k = 119, n = 239,615) and identified diverse personal development outcomes associated with Biological, Psychological, Social, Environmental, and Behavioural (BPSE-B) factors. This review presents growing evidence for the diverse applications and benefits of laughter and humour. Multiple opportunities for self-care and interventional applications are described. The consideration of personal development outcomes may support tailored applications according to specific needs and objectives. An umbrella Personal Development Theory of laughter and humour, inclusive humour and laughter definitions, and a humour-laughter-affect model are proposed to unify the fields.N/

Involving patients in teaching about blood-borne viruses

Involving patients in the teaching of healthcare staff is not a new concept, but there is a shortage of literature on the subject. This article focuses on the experiences and training programme for HIV and other blood-borne viruses. The programme involved four patients in the teaching of nurses and other health and social care staff. This article describes the recruitment, preparation and methods used, as well as the possibilities of transferring the methodology to other subject areas. The author concludes that there are advantages and disadvantages to be considered before embarking on such a programme