フィリピンビリラン島の一次保健施設と病院におけるヒトRSウイルスの遺伝子型および重症度によるウイルス量の変化

Tohoku University押谷仁課

A sustainable community coalition conceptual framework for organisational stakeholders to manage alcohol misuse as a risk factor of HIV infection

Abstract in EnglishThe overall aim of this study was to construct and describe a conceptual framework that can serve as a frame of reference for organisational stakeholders to sustain a community coalition to manage alcohol misuse as a risk factor of HIV infection in a specific community in the North West Province, South Africa. A Participatory Action Research (PAR) design that was qualitative and theory generative in nature was followed in this study. A phased approach with specific objectives aligned to the PAR cycle, namely observe (Phase One), reflect (Phase Two), plan (Phase Three) and act (Phase Four), was followed. These phases were actualised through an exploratory, descriptive and contextual research design, guided and theoretically influenced by critical theory. Data in Phase One were collected through 10 key informant interviews. Data were collected in Phases Two to Four through 10 dialogue meetings. Data collected in the four phases were used to construct and describe the conceptual framework that was evaluated by five experts in the field of mental health and substance misuse for refinement (Phase Five). Thematic data analyses was done to identify emerging themes. Key issues identified were that the community is characterised by fragile community coalitions that hamper the management of alcohol misuse as a risk factor of HIV infection. Factors to be considered to sustain the coalition were identified as sharing a common vision, promoting a trusting relationship, formalising the coalition, transformational leadership, strengthening organisational unity, and access to financial resources. This research adds knowledge in the field of mental health and substance misuse by providing a sustainable community coalition conceptual framework for organisational stakeholders to manage alcohol misuse as a risk factor of HIV infection. The conceptual framework could be used to inform policy, further research, education and improve practice in the field of mental health and substance misuse. Although the study was limited to a specific geographical area of a community in the North West Province, South Africa, the findings can be adapted to fit a specific setting.Health StudiesD Litt et Phil. (Health Studies

Optoelectronic characterisation of AlGaN based Schottky barrier diodes

Recent advances in growth techniques have lead to the production of high quality GaN and this has played a vital role in the improvement of GaN based devices. A number of device types can be produced from GaN. Spectrally selective devices can be produced by creating ternary or quaternary material systems by partially substituting either Al or In for Ga in GaN. This allows a wide spectral range that can be achieved ranging from the visible to the ultraviolet. The applications of detectors based on these material systems are vast and include areas such as biological, military, environmental, industrial and scientific spheres. In front illuminated Schottky barrier photodetectors, two major factors influencing the sensitivity of the device are the reverse leakage current and the transparency of the Schottky contact. In order to reduce the reverse current of semiconductor based devices, increase the barrier height, and enhance the adhesion of a metal on a semiconductor it is important to subject the contact to annealing. Annealing studies have been performed on AlGaN based photodiodes to investigate the evolution of the optical and electrical properties. In this study, the electrical and optical characteristics of AlGaN based Ni/Au and Ni/Ir/Au Schottky photodiodes were investigated. The electrical properties of the photodiodes were optimised by annealing in an Ar ambient. An increase in the Schottky barrier height and a decrease in the reverse leakage current were observed with increasing annealing temperature up to 500 oC. This effect was observed for both the Ni/Au and Ni/Ir/Au photodiodes. The optical characteristics of the photodiodes, which include the responsivity and the quantum efficiency, were also investigated. UV/visible rejection ratios of as high as 103 were obtained. The transmittance of Ni/Au and Ni/Ir/Au metal layers deposited on a quartz substrate were optimised by annealing. This was under the same ambient conditions as the Schottky photodiode. The transmittance increased with annealing temperature for the Ni/Au metal layer whereas it decreased at higher temperatures for the Ni/Ir/Au layer. The transmittance of the Ni/Au metal layer reached as high as 85 % after 500 oC annealing. The transmittance of the Ni/Ir/Au only reached a high of 41 % after 400 oC annealing.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.Physicsunrestricte

Le Marché Dans La Construction De L’interTerritorialité Transfrontalière : Le Cas Du Marché De Kye-Ossi Dans L’analyse A Travers La Distribution Des Produits Agricoles Entre Le Cameroun, La Guinée Équatoriale Et Le Gabon (Sud Cameroun)

Depuis plus de trois décennies, le marché de Kyé-Ossi s’est positionné comme une place centrale dans les échanges Sous-régionales des produits agricoles entre le Cameroun pays producteur, le Gabon et de la Guinée Équatoriale pays consommateurs au regard de sa position frontalière. Analysant cette dynamique, le présent travail s’est proposé de montrer le rôle de ce marché dans l’approvisionnement et dans la construction de l’interterritorialité transfrontalière au Sud du Cameroun. Sur la base d’observations, d’entretiens semi-structurés auprès des personnes ressources et des questionnaires auprès d’une centaine d’acteurs diversifiés dont les commerçants (35), les transporteurs (20) et les acheteurs étrangers (45), l’étude montre comment un important flux de produits agricoles se construit entre l’arrière-pays (Cameroun) et le marché de Kyé-Ossi, avec comme objectif alimenter un réseau d’approvisionnement des villes Gabonaises et Équato-guinéennes entre autres. Les acteurs qui interviennent dans ce marché se spécialisent en construisant des circuits de commercialisation inter-états. Le marché de Kyé-Ossi contribue ainsi à l’intensification des échanges et des mobilités économiques entre le Cameroun, le Gabon et la Guinée Équatoriale. Cependant, ces échanges quoique fructueux se heurtent à la non effectivité de la libre circulation des personnes au niveau de la sous-région, qui est pourtant un acquis des politiques publiques inter-états. For more than three decades, the Kye-Ossi market has positioned itself as a central place in sub-regional exchanges of agricultural products between Cameroon producing country, Gabon and Equatorial Guinee consuming countries with regard to its border position. Analysing this dynamics, the present work proposes to question the role of this market in the construction of cross-border inter-territoriality in south Cameroon. On the base of observations, semi-structured interviews with a hundred of diversified actors amongst which traders (35), transporters/carriers (20) and (45) foreign buyers. The study shows how an important flow of agricultural products is built between the hinterland of Cameroon and the Kye-Ossi market, with objectif of suppling a supply network to the Gabonese and Equatorial Guinea towns amongst others. Actors that intervene in this market are specialised in the building of interstate commercial circuits. The Kye-Ossi market contributes as such to the intensification of exchanges and economic mobilities in Cameroon, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea. These exchanges although fruitful, come against the ineffectiveness of the free movement of an asset of interstate public policies

Psychiatric nurse practitioners' experiences of working with mental health care users presenting with acute symptoms

Psychiatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) working with mental health care users presenting with acute symptoms work in a complex environment. This environment is characterised by mental health care users who may present with a history of violence, sexual assault and substance misuse. The objectives of this study were twofold: firstly, to explore and describe the experiences of PNPs working with mental health care users (MHCUs) presenting with acute symptoms; and secondly, to make recommendations for the a vanced PNPs to facilitate promotion of the mental health of PNPs with reference to nursing practice, research and education. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design was used. The target population was PNPs working with MHCUs presenting with acute symptoms in a public mental health care institution in Gauteng. Data were collected by means of four focus group interviews involving 21 PNPs. The researcher made use of drawings, naïve sketches and field notes for the purpose of data triangulation. Data were analysed in accordance with Tesch’s method of open coding. The three themes that emerged were: PNPs experienced working with these MHCUs as entering an unsafe world where care became a burden; they experienced negative emotional reactions and attitudes towards these MHCUs that compromised quality nursing care; and they made a plea for a nurturing environment that would enhance quality nursing care. The PNPs suggest skills and competency development, organisational support, and a need for external resources. Creation of a positive environment and mobilisation of resources as well as the identification and bridging of obstacles are essential in the promotion of the overall wellbeing and mental health of PNPs.J.K.N. (University of Pretoria & South Africa Medical Research Council) was a Master’s candidate, E.v.R. (University of Pretoria) was a Supervisor, and S.M. (University of Pretoria) was a co-supervisor.http://www.curationis.org.zaam2013ay201