CO2 Flux from Tundra Lichen, Moss, and Tussock, Council, Alaska: Assessment of Spatial Representativeness

CO2 flux-measurement in dominant tundra vegetation on the Seward Peninsula of Alaska was examined for spatial representativeness, using a manual chamber system. In order to assess the representativeness of CO2 flux, a 40 m × 40 m (5-m interval; 81 total points) plot was used in June, August, and September of 2011. Average CO2 fluxes in lichen, moss, and tussock tundra were 3.4 ± 2.7, 4.5 ± 2.9, and 7.2 ± 5.7 mgCO2/m2/m during growing season, respectively, suggesting that tussock tundra is a significant CO2 source, especially considering the wide distribution of tussock tundra in the circumpolar region. Further, soil temperature, rather than soil moisture, held the key role in regulating CO2 flux at the study site: CO2 flux from tussock increased linearly as soil temperature increased, while the flux from lichen and moss followed soil temperature nearly exponentially, reflecting differences in surface area covered by the chamber system. Regarding sample size, the 81 total sampling points over June, August, and September satisfy an experimental average that falls within ±10% of full sample average, with a 95% confidence level. However, the number of sampling points for each variety of vegetation during each month must provide at least ±20%, with an 80% confidence level. In order to overcome the logistical constraints, we were required to identify the site’s characteristics with a manual chamber system over a 40 m × 40 m plot and to subsequently employ an automated chamber for spatiotemporal representativeness.This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (MEST) (NRF-C1ABA001-2011-0021063

Pathway to cleaner environment: How effective are renewable electricity and financial development approaches?

While Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 13 and 7 are increasingly being explored in climate change research, financialization remains a fundamental part of the discourse on clean and renewable energy development. This study focuses on a policy reconfiguration that may be necessary to further advance clean environment in Canada. More precisely, the research evaluates the co-movement of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, financial development, renewable electricity and economic growth. The data, which encompass the quarterly periods from 1984Q1 to 2021Q4, are analysed via the novel wavelet local multiple correlation method. This method is capable of capturing the effect of two or three independent variables on the dependant variable at different frequencies and periods. In this study, the results show that economic growth intensifies ecological deterioration in all periods even as renewable electricity utilisation and financial development restrict ecological deterioration in the medium and long term. Additionally, financial development and renewable electricity consumption promote economic growth in the short, medium and long term. On the basis of these findings, a policy agenda that builds on the SDGs is proposed. Although this policy framework aims to achieve the objectives of SDG 13 and 7 in Canada, it may be extended to other developed countries.publishedVersio

A Color Gamut Description Algorithm for Liquid Crystal Displays in CIELAB Space

Because the accuracy of gamut boundary description is significant for gamut mapping process, a gamut boundary calculating method for LCD monitors is proposed in this paper. Within most of the previous gamut boundary calculation algorithms, the gamut boundary is calculated in CIELAB space directly, and part of inside-gamut points are mistaken for the boundary points. While, in the new proposed algorithm, the points on the surface of RGB cube are selected as the boundary points, and then converted and described in CIELAB color space. Thus, in our algorithm, the true gamut boundary points are found and a more accurate gamut boundary is described. In experiment, a Toshiba LCD monitor's 3D CIELAB gamut for evaluation is firstly described which has regular-shaped outer surface, and then two 2D gamut boundaries (CIE- * * boundary and CIE- * * boundary) are calculated which are often used in gamut mapping process. When our algorithm is compared with several famous gamut calculating algorithms, the gamut volumes are very close, which indicates that our algorithm's accuracy is precise and acceptable

Resource discovery for distributed computing systems: A comprehensive survey

Large-scale distributed computing environments provide a vast amount of heterogeneous computing resources from different sources for resource sharing and distributed computing. Discovering appropriate resources in such environments is a challenge which involves several different subjects. In this paper, we provide an investigation on the current state of resource discovery protocols, mechanisms, and platforms for large-scale distributed environments, focusing on the design aspects. We classify all related aspects, general steps, and requirements to construct a novel resource discovery solution in three categories consisting of structures, methods, and issues. Accordingly, we review the literature, analyzing various aspects for each category

Policy decision-making in the United States of America and the People\u27s Republic of China: The development of national goals for public education.

This study is involved in policy decision making in USA and PRC with respect to the development of national goals for public education, and deals with the following two perspectives: (1) Investigate the policy decision making process and the national education goals developed in USA. (2) Investigate the policy decision making process and the national education goals developed in PRC. This study adopts analytical and descriptive methodology including documentation review and observation. The researcher conducted computer searches through Education Research Information Center (ERIC), Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS) International, Dissertation Abstract International, Social Science Search, Sociological Abstract, and all the Internet-Accessible library catalogs & databases. To assist American readers, the researcher lists the major documentation from 26 Chinese related sources because the documentation from the United States is well organized and easily identified as defined above. The specific steps involved in the computer searches are demonstrated in Chapter III. Three major findings in this study are: (1) Top politicians in both USA and PRC are dominant policymakers with little involvement of real players like principals, teachers, parents, and students. (2) Administrative objectives set with their measurement and criteria for implementing are vague in both USA and PRC, thus hard to attain. (3) Neither America 2000 nor China 2000 has the scientific basis except the economics. Five recommendations are made based upon the findings of this study: (1) Various research theories need to be solicited and research funding needs to be increased. (2) Any theoretical model and policy making process for both centralization and decentralization in education needs to be further studied with the consideration of political, economic, social, cultural, and other major factors. (3) International and comparative education needs to be emphasized and advanced telecommunication needs to be introduced into public education. (4) Independent and professional agencies should be established to coordinate and supervise educational development under the direct leadership of the courts instead of all governmental leadership. (5) The relationship between USA and PRC should be strengthened despite political differences and some single issue constituencies