Age constraints for the mineralization of the metamorphosed Kutemajärvi gold deposit using the single-grain U-Pb dating method of accessory minerals

The metamorphosed Kutemajärvi gold deposit is located near the town of Orivesi, at the eastern flank of the Tampere Schist Belt, which constitutes part of the Svecofennian domain of southern Finland, and it is hosted in the volcanic rocks of the Koskuenjärvi formation. Previous isotopic studies have mainly focused on the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Tampere Schist Belt and only a few of them have presented ages for the area of Kutemajärvi. This study aims to shed light on the timing of mineralization by employing the single-grain U-Pb dating method of monazite and zircon, in order to evaluate the relationship between the ore and its host rocks. Based on the results from the SEM mineral identification, monazite grains are divided into metamorphic and hydrothermal grains. In the case of zircon grains, a third magmatic type has been identified. Results from U-Pb dating of single monazite and zircon grains are well constrained and document four distinct stages of geodynamic evolution in the region. Ages older than 1.91 Ga represent detrital material transported during the stage of rifting that led to the opening of the Tampere basin. Subsequent subduction resulted in active volcanism which is expressed with the extrusion of the Koskuenjärvi formation at 1904 Ma. At the late stages of subduction or at the outset of the collision stage, the subvolcanic Pukala porphyry intruded into the volcanic sequence of the Tampere Schist Belt at 1890 Ma, which provides the maximum mineralization age. Release of hydrothermal fluids, due to the crystallization of the Pukala intrusion caused pervasive hydrothermal alteration of the Kutemajärvi host rocks and deposition of epithermal gold and other elements. However, the participation of hydrothermal fluids, released by high-temperature metamorphism of the lower crust, cannot be ruled out. Ages between 1890‒1878 Ma record the syn-collision stage, during which the deposit, the Pukala intrusion and its adjoining rocks were deformed and metamorphosed at greenschist to lower-amphibolite facies. The majority of ages fall within the 1880‒1878 Ma time-interval, characterizing the metamorphic peak that marks the culmination of the Svecofennian orogeny and provides a minimum age of the mineralization. This major orogenic event is partly overlapped by the collision of the Central Svecofennian Arc Complex with the Southern Svecofennian Arc Complex that transpired at 1880‒1860 Ma, as indicated by ample age data. Monazite and zircon also yield lower ages (<1860 Ma), which record retrograde metamorphic and subordinate cooling events, and resonate recurring tectonothermal activity, associated with the syn- and post-collisional magmatism of Southern Svecofennia and the emplacement of rapakivi intrusions in southern Finland. Single-grain U-Pb dating of monazite and zircon from polished thin sections, in tandem with collation of the obtained ages with earlier published data, establishes a spatial and temporal framework with respect to the tectonometamorphic evolution of the Kutemajärvi gold deposit and the Tampere Schist Belt. Precise temporal constraints substantiate the intricate geological history of the area and can be used to discriminate magmatic, metamorphic and hydrothermal events, with a view to breaking ground on the exploration of other epithermal deposits in the metamorphic terranes of southern Finland

Privacy and Platform Competition

We analyze platform competition where user data is collected to improve adtargeting. Considering that users incur privacy costs, we show that the equilibrium level of data provision is distorted and can be inefficiently high or low: if overall competition is weak or if targeting benefits are low, too much private data is collected, and vice-versa. Further, we find that softer competition on either market side leads to more data collection, which implies substitutability between competition policy measures on both market sides. Moreover, if platforms engage in two-sided pricing, data provision is efficient

Matching with Waiting Times: The German Entry-Level Labor Market for Lawyers

We study the allocation of German lawyers to regional courts for legal trainee-ships. Because of excess demand in some regions lawyers often have to wait before being allocated. The currently used "Berlin" mechanism is not weakly Pareto efficient, does not eliminate justified envy and does not respect improvements. We introduce a mechanism based on the matching with contracts literature, using waiting time as the contractual term. The resulting mechanism is strategy-proof, weakly Pareto efficient, eliminates justified envy and respects improvements. We extend our proposed mechanism to allow for a more flexible allocation of positions over time

On the origin of extrusion instabilities: Linear stability analysis of the viscoelastic die swell

It is well-known that, increasing the flow rate in polymer extrusion, the flow becomes unstable and the smooth extrudate surface becomes wavy and disordered to an increasing degree. In order to investigate the mechanisms responsible for these instabilities we perform a linear stability analysis of the steady extrusion of a viscoelastic fluid flowing through a planar die under creeping flow conditions. We consider the Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) model to account for the viscoelasticity of the material. We employ the mixed finite element method combined with an elliptic grid generator to account for the deformable shape of the interface. The generalized eigenvalue problem is solved using Arnoldi’s algorithm. We perform a thorough parametric study in order to determine the effects of all material properties and rheological parameters. We investigate in detail the effect of the interfacial tension and the presence of a deformable interface. It is found that the presence of a finite surface tension destabilizes the flow as compared to the case of the stick-slip flow. We recognize two modes, which become unstable beyond a critical value of the Weissenberg number and perform an energy analysis to examine the mechanisms responsible for the destabilization of the flow and compare against the mechanisms that have been suggested in the literature

Low impedance electrodes improve detection of high frequency oscillations in the intracranial EEG

OBJECTIVE Epileptic fast ripple oscillations (FR, 250-500 Hz) indicate epileptogenic tissue with high specificity. However, their low amplitude makes detection demanding against noise. Since thermal noise is reduced by low impedance electrodes (LoZ), we investigate here whether this noise reduction is relevant in the FR frequency range. METHODS We analyzed intracranial electrocorticography during neurosurgery of 10 patients where a low impedance electrode was compared to a standard electrode (HiZ) with equal surface area during stimulation of the somatosensory evoked potential, which evokes a robust response in the FR frequency range. To estimate the noise level, we computed the difference between sweep 2n and sweep 2n + 1 for all sweeps. RESULTS The power spectral density of the noise spectrum improved for the LoZ over all frequencies. In the FR range, the median noise level improved from HiZ (0.153 µV) to LoZ (0.089 µV). For evoked FR, the detection rate improved (91% for HiZ vs. 100% for LoZ). CONCLUSIONS Low impedance electrodes for intracranial EEG reduce noise in the FR frequency range and may thereby improve FR detection. SIGNIFICANCE Improving the measurement chain may enhance the diagnostic value of FR as biomarkers for epileptogenic tissue

Optimization of signal-to-noise ratio in short-duration SEP recordings by variation of stimulation rate

Objective: The intraoperative averaging of the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) requires reliable recordings within the shortest possible duration. We here systematically optimized the repetition rate of stimulus presentation. Methods: We recorded medianus and tibial nerve SEP during 22 surgeries and varied the rate of stimulus presentation between 2.7 Hz and 28.7 Hz. We randomly sampled a number of sweeps corresponding to recording durations up to 20 s and calculated the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Results: For the medianus nerve at 5 s recording duration, SEP stimulation rate at 12.7 Hz obtained the highest median SNR = 22.9 for the N20, which was higher than for rate 4.7 Hz (p = 1.5e-4). When increasing the stimulation rate, latency increased and amplitude decayed for cortical but not for peripheral recording sites. For the tibial nerve, the rate 4.7 Hz achieved the highest SNR for all durations. Conclusions: We determined the time-dependence of SNR for N20 and elucidated the underlying physiology. For short recordings, rapid reduction of noise through averaging at high stimulation rate outweighs the disadvantage of smaller amplitude. Significance: For a short duration of medianus nerve SEP recording only, it may be advantageous to stimulate with a repetition rate of 12.7 Hz. Keywords: Erb’s point; High frequency oscillation; Intraoperative neuromonitoring; Neurosurgery; Peripheral nerve conduction; Stimulation frequency