Transparency in Algorithmic Management: A Psychological Ownership Perspective

Decision-making and forecasting capabilities of algorithmic systems have helped organizations improve work productivity and business performance. Specifically, AI-enabled information systems (IS) are increasingly being used to track employee’s work hours and automate their work shifts in retail and service industries including hospitality, leisure, and health services. For example, companies such Kronos, Zoho and Deputy specialize in workforce management software programs that utilize AI technologies to match employer’s staffing needs for labor to at-the-moment customer demand. Software programs do not only fine-tune and optimize scheduling decisions but also send automatic updates to employees about their shift changes (Loggins, 2020). According to a report from the Reportlinker.com (2022), the global market of cloud-based work scheduling software is estimated to grow by over 4 billion dollars during the forecast period of 2022 to 2026. With the increasing relevance of algorithmic systems in workforce scheduling and management, it is critical to understand their impact on employees’ work experiences and effectiveness. Specifically, past research has indicated that the use of algorithmic systems in the workplace can lead to several ramifications including discrimination, surveillance, manipulation, disempowerment of employees, precarity, and stress (e.g., Kellogg et al., 2020). Nevertheless, there remains an equivocal understanding of why employees would have those negative experiences with the deployment of algorithmic systems and what organizations could do to mitigate those negative experiences effectively. In this research, we center on investigating the effects of employees’ perceptions of transparency about work scheduling AI software on their job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment. According to a theory of psychological ownership in organizations (Pierce et al., 2001), individuals have an innate motive to be in control and to be efficient and effectant (Pierce et al., 2003). Based on this core premise, the present study suggests that when the inner workings of work management AI software are unclear to employees, the compliance to automated work schedules can negatively affect employees’ perceptions of job autonomy and job-based psychological ownership, that could further decrease employees’ job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment. In contrast, when employees are provided with an explanation about why and how work management AI software programs are deployed to manage their work shifts, they are likely to perceive such programs as more transparent and less opaque. As a result, employees are likely to experience freedom and flexibility in controlling their own work schedules with the use of those programs, and such work experiences can enhance job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The present research is intended to extend prior research on AI-related work design. A close examination of algorithmic transparency from a psychological ownership lens can help to shed light onto both positive and negative effects of AI-related work management on employees’ work outcomes and psychological experiences. Study results from this research can also help to inform HR managers, supervisors, and stakeholders at organizations of the importance of building and using work management AI software in ways that can facilitate transparency and ensure worker well-being and a committed workforce

Examine Online User Reactions for Philanthropic Communication in Social Media: An Online Natural Experiment

Social media has become a viable channel for firms to communicate corporate social responsibility initiatives given its broader customer base and escalating information dissemination speed. Nevertheless, little is known about how the online diffusion of a firm’s philanthropic announcement unfolds over time and how such diffusion can influence consumer behavior. To address these questions, we drew on the attribution theory and utilized an online natural experiment that took place during the disaster relief period of 2021 Henan floods in China. Preliminary results reveal that both the intensity and content of meta-voicing responses towards a firm’s charitable donation announcement can influence consumers’ online livestreaming purchases of the firm’s products. More importantly, the initial meta-voicing reactions towards a firm’s philanthropic announcement can have both immediate and enduring impacts on purchase behavior

An Examination of Digital Nudging Scarcity Effect in E-Commerce

With the onset of the pandemic, online shopping applications have seen a rise in consumer traffic in the past two years. E-commerce sales has grown by 35% year over year, with online penetration remaining 30% higher than pre-Covid levels (McKinsey & Company., 2021). Given the ubiquitous use of e-commerce applications, it becomes increasingly important for e-retailers to optimize the design of their web stores in order to attract consumers and gain competitive advantages. In particular, many e-commerce applications have incorporated digital nudging techniques to subtly change consumers’ online choice environments and influence their purchase decisions. One of the commonly used digital nudging techniques is associating scarcity with an online product offering or promotion. Research suggests that in an offline setting, a person’s desirability of a product option tends to increase, as the perceived availability of the option decreases (Cialdini, 1993). Nevertheless, because peoples’ behaviors in an offline setting can be different from those in an online setting (Schneider et. al., 2018), it remains largely unclear the extent to which digital nudging through scarcity would elicit comparable effects among online shoppers. Furthermore, previous studies indicate that time-related and quantity-related scarcity message can have different effects on consumers’ purchase intentions (Aggarwal et al., 2011). Yet, little is known how consumers would respond to these two forms of scarcity differently when they are induced through digital nudging. In this research, we suggest that scarcity-related digital nudges can influence an online consumer’s choice architecture through multiple processes, each of which can produce different effects on the consumer’s valuation and intention to purchase a product online. Drawn on the Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986 & Wagner & Petty, 2022), we posit that the influence of the two forms of scarcity-related digital nudging (i.e., limited time vs. limited quantity) can vary at different points along the elaboration continuum. When consumers are unable or unmotivated to assess the core merits of an online product offering, both forms of digital nudging can institute a “scarce-is-good” heuristic and enhance product valuation and purchase intention (Cialdini, 1993). When elaboration is unconstrained to be high or low, the two forms of digital nudging can motivate consumers to scrutinize the reasons of the scarcity. Lastly, when elaboration is high, we suggest that the two forms of digital nudging can serve as a validation of consumers’ own valuation of the scarce product option. As compared to digital nudging through limited time, nudging through limited quantity is more likely to be construed as a result of high demand rather than limited supply (Aggarwal et al., 2011). Thus, we suggest that the latter is likely to induce more favorable responses among online consumers than the former. To test the effects of the two scarcity-related digital nudges on consumers’ product valuation and purchase intentions, we plan to conduct vignette-based randomized laboratory experiments as well as an online field experiment. Our research adds to the extant literature on digital nudging. Our findings can help to shed light on how and when scarcity-related digital nudging can influence consumers’ purchase decisions in a digital environment. By highlighting the difference in nudging through time-based and quantity-based scarcity, the present research can also help to inform interface designers of why a specific form of scarcity-related nudge would be appropriate for an intended online environment

Digital Affordances and Digital Capabilities: Evidence from Six AI Startups

Many digital startups fail in their pursuit of niche business value for three reasons: underdeveloped digital affordances, inadequate digital capabilities, and perhaps most importantly, a misalignment between digital affordances and digital capabilities. Digital affordances depict the potential involvement of digital technologies by groups in value creation while digital capabilities represent the ability to leverage and make changes to digital resources to fulfil specific objectives (e.g., affordance actualization). Based on insights derived from a longitudinal in-depth case study of six AI startups, we propose a co-evolution framework that illustrates several iterative loops between digital capabilities and digital affordances. Our analysis also reveals key properties of digital affordances and digital capabilities. Specifically, we find that digital startups with mutually reinforcing digital affordances and digital capabilities are most likely to succeed. We also develop a typology of digital startups using a 2 by 2 affordance-capability matrix

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia

Search for anomalous production of events with three or more leptons in pp collisions at √s = 8TeV

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published articles title, journal citation, and DOI.A search for physics beyond the standard model in events with at least three leptons is presented. The data sample, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.5fb-1 of proton-proton collisions with center-of-mass energy s=8TeV, was collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC during 2012. The data are divided into exclusive categories based on the number of leptons and their flavor, the presence or absence of an opposite-sign, same-flavor lepton pair (OSSF), the invariant mass of the OSSF pair, the presence or absence of a tagged bottom-quark jet, the number of identified hadronically decaying τ leptons, and the magnitude of the missing transverse energy and of the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta. The numbers of observed events are found to be consistent with the expected numbers from standard model processes, and limits are placed on new-physics scenarios that yield multilepton final states. In particular, scenarios that predict Higgs boson production in the context of supersymmetric decay chains are examined. We also place a 95% confidence level upper limit of 1.3% on the branching fraction for the decay of a top quark to a charm quark and a Higgs boson (t→cH), which translates to a bound on the left- and right-handed top-charm flavor-violating Higgs Yukawa couplings, λtcH and λctH, respectively, of |λtcH|2+|λctH|2<0.21

Measurement of associated W plus charm production in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV

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