Optimization of Process Parameters for ε

ε-Polylysine (ε-PL) is a highly safe natural food preservative with a broad antimicrobial spectrum, excellent corrosion resistances, and great commercial potentials. In the present work, we evaluated the ε-PL adsorption performances of HZB-3B and D155 resins and optimized the adsorption and desorption conditions by single-factor test, response surface method, and orthogonal design. The complexes of resin and ε-PL were characterized by SEM and FITR. The results indicated that D155 resin had the best ε-PL adsorption performance and was selected for the separation and purification of ε-PL. The conditions for the static adsorption of ε-PL on D155 resin were optimized as follows: ε-PL solution 40 g/L, pH 8.5, resins 15 g/L, and absorption time 14 h. The adsorption efficiency of ε-PL under the optimal conditions was 96.84%. The ε-PL adsorbed on the D155 resin was easily desorbed with 0.4 mol/L HCl at 30°C in 10 h. The highest desorption efficiency was 97.57% and the overall recovery of ε-PL was 94.49% under the optimal conditions. The excellent ε-PL adsorption and desorption properties of D155 resin including high selectivity and adsorption capacity, easy desorption, and high stability make it a good candidate for the isolation of ε-PL from fermentation broths

Genetic Heterogeneity of Oesophageal Cancer in High-Incidence Areas of Southern and Northern China

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Oesophageal cancer is one of the most common and deadliest cancers worldwide. Our previous population-based study reported a high prevalence of oesophageal cancer in Chaoshan, Guangdong Province, China. Ancestors of the Chaoshan population migrated from the Taihang Mountain region of north-central China, which is another high-incidence area for oesophageal cancer. The purpose of the present study was to obtain evidence of inherited susceptibility to oesophageal cancer in the Chaoshan population, with reference to the Taihang Mountain population, with the eventual goal of molecular identification of the disease genes. METHODS: We conducted familial correlation, commingling, and complex segregation analyses of 224 families from the Chaoshan population and 403 families from the Taihang population using the FPMM program of S.A.G.E. version 5.3.0. A second analysis focused on specific families having large numbers of affected individuals or early onset of the disease. RESULTS: For the general population, moderate sib-sib correlation was noticed for esophageal cancer. Additionally, brother-brother correlation was even higher. Commingling analyses indicated that a three-component distribution model best accounts for the variation in age of onset of oesophageal cancer, and that a multifactorial model provides the best fit to the general population data. An autosomal dominant mode and a dominant or recessive major gene with polygenic inheritance were found to be the best models of inherited susceptibility to oesophageal cancer in some large families. CONCLUSIONS: The current results provide evidence for inherited susceptibility to oesophageal cancer in certain high-risk groups in China, and support efforts to identify the susceptibility genes

Study of Promoter Methylation Patterns of HOXA2, HOXA5, and HOXA6 and Its Clinicopathological Characteristics in Colorectal Cancer

Research on DNA methylation offers great potential for the identification of biomarkers that can be applied for accurately assessing an individual's risk for cancer. In this article, we try to find the ideal epigenetic genes involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) based on a CRC database and our CRC cohort. The top 20 genes with an extremely high frequency of hypermethylation in CRC were identified in the latest database. Remarkably, 3 HOXA genes were included in this list and ranked at the top. The percentage of methylation in the HOXA5, HOXA2, and HOXA6 genes in CRC were up to 67.62, 58.36, and 31.32%, respectively, and ranked first in CRC among all human tumor tissues. Paired colorectal tumor samples and adjacent non-tumor colorectal tissue samples and four CRC cell lines were selected for MethylTarget™ assays. The results demonstrated that CRC tissues and cells had a stronger methylation status around the 3 HOXA gene promoter regions compared with adjacent non-tumor colonic tissue samples. The Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) curves for HOXA genes show excellent diagnostic ability in distinguishing tissue from healthy individuals and CRC patients, especially for Stage I patients (AUC = 0.9979 in HOXA2, 0.9309 in HOXA5, and 0.8025 in HOXA6). An association analysis between the methylation pattern of HOXA genes and clinical indicators was performed and found that HOXA2 methylation was significantly associated with age, N, stage, M, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, lymph node number. HOXA5 methylation was associated with age, T, M, stage, and tumor status, and HOXA6 methylation was associated with age and KRAS mutation. Notably, we found that the highest methylation of HOXA5 and HOXA2 occurs in the early stages of colorectal cancer tissues such as stage I, N0, MO, and non-invasive tissues. The methylation levels declined as tumors progressed. However, methylation level at any stage of the tumor was still significantly higher than in normal tissues (p < 0.0001). The mRNA of the 3 HOXA genes was downregulated in early tumor stages due to hypermethylation of CpG islands adjacent to the promoters of the genes. In addition, hypermethylation of HOXA5 and HOXA6 mainly occurred in patients < 60 years old and with MSI-L, MSS, CIMP.L and non-CIMP tumors. Together, this suggests that epigenetic silencing of 3 adjacent HOXA genes may be an important event in the progression of colorectal cancer

Integrated bioinformatics identifies key mediators in cytokine storm and tissue remodeling during Vibrio mimicus infection in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)

IntroductionThe pathogenesis of Vibrio mimicus infection in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) remains poorly understood, particularly regarding the impact of infection with the pathogen on primary target organs such as the skin and muscle.MethodsIn this study, we aim to analyze the pathological intricacies of the skin and muscle of yellow catfish after being infected with V. mimicus using a 1/10 LC50 seven-day post-infection model. Furthermore, we have utilized integrated bioinformatics to comprehensively elucidate the regulatory mechanisms and identify the key regulatory genes implicated in this phenomenon.ResultsOur histopathological examination revealed significant pathological changes in the skin and muscle, characterized by necrosis and inflammation. Moreover, tissue remodeling occurred, with perimysium degeneration and lesion invasion into the muscle along the endomysium, accompanied by a transformation of type I collagen into a mixture of type I and type III collagens in the perimysium and muscle bundles. Our eukaryotic transcriptomic and 4D label-free analyses demonstrated a predominantly immune pathway response in both the skin and muscle, with downregulation observed in several cell signaling pathways that focused on focal adhesion-dominated cell signaling pathways. The upregulated genes included interleukins (IL)-1 and -6, chemokines, and matrix metallopeptidases (mmp)-9 and -13, while several genes were significantly downregulated, including col1a and col1a1a. Further analysis revealed that these pathways were differentially regulated, with mmp-9 and mmp-13 acting as the potential core regulators of cytokine and tissue remodeling pathways. Upregulation of NF-κB1 and FOSL-1 induced by IL-17C and Nox 1/2-based NADPH oxidase may have held matrix metallopeptidase and cytokine-related genes. Also, we confirmed these relevant regulatory pathways by qPCR and ELISA in expanded samples.DiscussionOur findings unequivocally illustrate the occurrence of a cytokine storm and tissue remodeling, mediated by interleukins, chemokines, and MMPs, in the surface of yellow catfish infected with V. mimicus. Additionally, we unveil the potential bidirectional regulatory role of MMP-9 and MMP-13. These results provide novel perspectives on the intricate immune response to V. mimicus infection in yellow catfish and highlight potential targets for developing therapies

The oyster genome reveals stress adaptation and complexity of shell formation

The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas belongs to one of the most species-rich but genomically poorly explored phyla, the Mollusca. Here we report the sequencing and assembly of the oyster genome using short reads and a fosmid-pooling strategy, along with transcriptomes of development and stress response and the proteome of the shell. The oyster genome is highly polymorphic and rich in repetitive sequences, with some transposable elements still actively shaping variation. Transcriptome studies reveal an extensive set of genes responding to environmental stress. The expansion of genes coding for heat shock protein 70 and inhibitors of apoptosis is probably central to the oyster's adaptation to sessile life in the highly stressful intertidal zone. Our analyses also show that shell formation in molluscs is more complex than currently understood and involves extensive participation of cells and their exosomes. The oyster genome sequence fills a void in our understanding of the Lophotrochozoa. © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

Measurement of t(t)over-bar normalised multi-differential cross sections in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV, and simultaneous determination of the strong coupling strength, top quark pole mass, and parton distribution functions

Peer reviewe

An embedding technique to determine ττ backgrounds in proton-proton collision data

An embedding technique is presented to estimate standard model tau tau backgrounds from data with minimal simulation input. In the data, the muons are removed from reconstructed mu mu events and replaced with simulated tau leptons with the same kinematic properties. In this way, a set of hybrid events is obtained that does not rely on simulation except for the decay of the tau leptons. The challenges in describing the underlying event or the production of associated jets in the simulation are avoided. The technique described in this paper was developed for CMS. Its validation and the inherent uncertainties are also discussed. The demonstration of the performance of the technique is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions collected by CMS in 2017 at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 41.5 fb(-1).Peer reviewe

Measurement of the Splitting Function in &ITpp &ITand Pb-Pb Collisions at root&ITsNN&IT=5.02 TeV

Data from heavy ion collisions suggest that the evolution of a parton shower is modified by interactions with the color charges in the dense partonic medium created in these collisions, but it is not known where in the shower evolution the modifications occur. The momentum ratio of the two leading partons, resolved as subjets, provides information about the parton shower evolution. This substructure observable, known as the splitting function, reflects the process of a parton splitting into two other partons and has been measured for jets with transverse momentum between 140 and 500 GeV, in pp and PbPb collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair. In central PbPb collisions, the splitting function indicates a more unbalanced momentum ratio, compared to peripheral PbPb and pp collisions.. The measurements are compared to various predictions from event generators and analytical calculations.Peer reviewe

Electroweak production of two jets in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions root s =13 TeV

A measurement of the electroweak (EW) production of two jets in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV is presented, based on data recorded in 2016 by the CMS experiment at the LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The measurement is performed in the lljj final state with l including electrons and muons, and the jets j corresponding to the quarks produced in the hard interaction. The measured cross section in a kinematic region defined by invariant masses m(ll) > 50 GeV, m(jj) > 120 GeV, and transverse momenta P-Tj > 25 GeV is sigma(EW) (lljj) = 534 +/- 20 (stat) fb (syst) fb, in agreement with leading-order standard model predictions. The final state is also used to perform a search for anomalous trilinear gauge couplings. No evidence is found and limits on anomalous trilinear gauge couplings associated with dimension-six operators are given in the framework of an effective field theory. The corresponding 95% confidence level intervals are -2.6 <cwww/Lambda(2) <2.6 TeV-2 and -8.4 <cw/Lambda(2) <10.1 TeV-2. The additional jet activity of events in a signal-enriched region is also studied, and the measurements are in agreement with predictions.Peer reviewe

Measurement of nuclear modification factors of gamma(1S)), gamma(2S), and gamma(3S) mesons in PbPb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

The cross sections for ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), and ϒ(3S) production in lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV have been measured using the CMS detector at the LHC. The nuclear modification factors, RAA, derived from the PbPb-to-pp ratio of yields for each state, are studied as functions of meson rapidity and transverse momentum, as well as PbPb collision centrality. The yields of all three states are found to be significantly suppressed, and compatible with a sequential ordering of the suppression, RAA(ϒ(1S)) > RAA(ϒ(2S)) > RAA(ϒ(3S)). The suppression of ϒ(1S) is larger than that seen at √sNN = 2.76 TeV, although the two are compatible within uncertainties. The upper limit on the RAA of ϒ(3S) integrated over pT, rapidity and centrality is 0.096 at 95% confidence level, which is the strongest suppression observed for a quarkonium state in heavy ion collisions to date. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP3.Peer reviewe