"Fordismus" in Spanien: - Import, Dynamik und Perspektiven eines Industrialisierungskonzeptes -

Der Artikel bemüht sich um die Entwicklung eines Interpretationskonzeptes für die spanische Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftsentwicklung im internationalen Kontext während des Franquismus. Dabei wird die These vertreten, daß die Weltmarktöffnung Spaniens ab 1959 den Weg für die lmplantierung eines spezifisch spanischen, semiperipheren Fordismus freimachte. Diese lmplantierung ermöglichte zunächst das vielzitierte >milagro espanol<, das spanische Wirtschaftswunder der sechziger Jahre, schlug dann aber in eine Depressionsspirale um, die in der Krise der siebziger Jahre eklatierte. Die während dieser Krise zutage tretende regulative lmkompetenz des franquistischen Staates leistet einen wesentlichen Erklärungsbeitrag dafür, daß mit dem Tode Francos auch der Franquismus als politisches System unterging

Delivery of drugs, proteins and genes into cells using transferrin as a ligand for receptor-mediated endocytosis

Transferrin, an iron-transporting serum glycoprotein, is efficiently taken up into cells by the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Transferrin receptors are found on the surface of most proliferating cells, in elevated numbers on erythroblasts and on many kinds of tumors. The efficient cellular mechanism for uptake of transferrin has been subverted for the delivery of low-molecular-weight drugs, protein toxins, and liposomes by linkage of these agents to transferrin or to anti-transferrin receptor antibodies. Linkage may be via chemical conjugation procedures or by the generation of chimeric fusion proteins. Transferrin conjugated to DNA-binding compounds (e.g. polycations or intercalating agents) has been successfully used for the import of DNA molecules into cells. High-level gene expression is obtained only if endosome-disruptive agents such as influenza hemagglutinin peptides or adenovirus particles are included which release the DNA complex from intracellular vesicles into the cytoplasm

Bacterial Toxins and the Nervous System: Neurotoxins and Multipotential Toxins Interacting with Neuronal Cells

Toxins are potent molecules used by various bacteria to interact with a host organism. Some of them specifically act on neuronal cells (clostridial neurotoxins) leading to characteristics neurological affections. But many other toxins are multifunctional and recognize a wider range of cell types including neuronal cells. Various enterotoxins interact with the enteric nervous system, for example by stimulating afferent neurons or inducing neurotransmitter release from enterochromaffin cells which result either in vomiting, in amplification of the diarrhea, or in intestinal inflammation process. Other toxins can pass the blood brain barrier and directly act on specific neurons

Nationalismus und ökonomische Ungleichheit im europäischen Paradies: Überlegungen zum spanischen Fall in Antwort auf Otto Sundt

Zwei Faktoren komplizieren eine Stellungnahme zur von Otto Sundt vorgelegten Kritik am Aufsatz »Fordismus in Spanien«. Erstens erschwert der polemische Ton seines Beitrags eine sachliche Auseinandersetzung. zweitens entbehrt die Argumentation Sundts jeder logischen Stringenz. Die Identifizierung seiner Prämissen und Schlußfolgerungen ist fast unmöglich. Da Sundts Ausführungen eine zentrale konstruktive These sowie innere Konsistenz vermissen lassen, bleibt uns wenig anderes übrig, als nacheinander auf einige der von ihm recht unverbunden thematisierten Probleme einzugehen. Vorher aber erscheint es uns notwendig, einige seiner sachlichen Fehler zu korrigieren. Im Laufe unserer Argumentation werden wir des Öfteren Gelegenheit haben, uns gegen seine wichtigsten Mißdeutungen des kritisierten Aufsatzes zu verwahren

Toxicokinetics of labeled amatoxins in the dog

Radioactivities were measured in serum, urine, and bile of dogs at different times after intravenous injection of 14C-methyl-γ-amanitin (14C-A) and 3H-O-methyl-dehydroxy methyl-α-amanitin (3H-A). For either substance, the relation between the specific plasma activity C and the time t could be best described with the function C=C1⋅e−λ1⋅t+C2⋅e−λ2⋅t. Therefore the linear open two-compartment system was selected as an adequate toxicokinetic model. Most important, the distribution volumes (in the steady state) were in the range of the extracellular space, and the total body clearances were in the range of the dog creatinine clearance. In accordance with former findings for 3H-A, 14C-A was not bound to plasma proteins. More than 80% of 14C-A was eliminated in the urine; less than 10% was found in the bile. From these data, two suggestions may be derived for the therapy of Amanita intoxication in man. First, detection in the urine of amatoxins 2 or 3 days after mushroom ingestion points to an ongoing amatoxin absorption or reabsorption from the intestine, and should lead to therapy with adsorbents and, in the absence of diarrhea, with laxatives. Second, hemoperfusion will remove significant amounts of amatoxins during the time of ongoing absorption or reabsorption and a few hours thereafter