Building a patchwork — The yeast plasma membrane as model to study lateral domain formation

AbstractThe plasma membrane (PM) has to fulfill a wide range of biological functions including selective uptake of substances, signal transduction and modulation of cell polarity and cell shape. To allow efficient regulation of these processes many resident proteins and lipids of the PM are laterally segregated into different functional domains. A particularly striking example of lateral segregation has been described for the budding yeast PM, where integral membrane proteins as well as lipids exhibit very slow translational mobility and form a patchwork of many overlapping micron-sized domains. Here we discuss the molecular and physical mechanisms contributing to the formation of a multi-domain membrane and review our current understanding of yeast PM organization. Many of the fundamental principles underlying membrane self-assembly and organization identified in yeast are expected to equally hold true in other organisms, even for the more transient and elusive organization of the PM in mammalian cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nanoscale membrane organisation and signalling

Integration Through Separation - The Role of Lateral Membrane Segregation in Nutrient Uptake

Nutrient transporters are prominent and ubiquitous components of the plasma membrane in all cell types. Their expression and regulation are tightly linked to the cells' needs. Environmental factors such as nutrient starvation or osmotic stress prompt an acute remodeling of transporters and the plasma membrane to efficiently maintain homeostasis in cell metabolism. Lateral confinement of nutrient transporters through dynamic segregation within the plasma membrane has recently emerged as an important phenomenon that facilitates spatiotemporal control of nutrient uptake and metabolic regulation. Here, we review recent studies highlighting the mechanisms connecting the function of amino acid permeases with their endocytic turnover and lateral segregation within the plasma membrane. These findings indicate that actively controlled lateral compartmentalization of plasma membrane components constitutes an important level of regulation during acute cellular adaptations.This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (SFB944, SFB1348, and WE2750/4-1 to RW-S) and the Cellsin-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM, University of Munster to RW-S). JVB was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Basque Government

PAPC and the Wnt5a/Ror2 pathway control the invagination of the otic placode in Xenopus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Paraxial protocadherin (PAPC) plays a crucial role in morphogenetic movements during gastrulation and somitogenesis in mouse, zebrafish and Xenopus. PAPC influences cell-cell adhesion mediated by C-Cadherin. A putative direct adhesion activity of PAPC is discussed. PAPC also promotes cell elongation, tissue separation and coordinates cell mass movements. In these processes the signaling function of PAPC in activating RhoA/JNK and supporting Wnt-11/PCP by binding to frizzled 7 (fz7) is important.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here we demonstrate by loss of function experiments in Xenopus embryos that PAPC regulates another type of morphogenetic movement, the invagination of the ear placode. Knockdown of PAPC by antisense morpholinos results in deformation of the otic vesicle without altering otocyst marker expression. Depletion of PAPC could be rescued by full-length PAPC, constitutive active RhoA and by the closely related PCNS but not by classical cadherins. Also the cytoplasmic deletion mutant M-PAPC, which influences cell adhesion, does not rescue the PAPC knockdown. Interestingly, depletion of Wnt5a or Ror2 which are also expressed in the otocyst phenocopies the PAPC morphant phenotype.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>PAPC signaling via RhoA and Wnt5a/Ror2 activity are required to keep cells aligned in apical-basal orientation during invagination of the ear placode. Since neither the cytoplasmic deletion mutant M-PAPC nor a classical cadherin is able to rescue loss of PAPC we suggest that the signaling function of the protocadherin rather than its role as modulator of cell-cell adhesion is required during invagination of the ear placode.</p

Zelluläre Rolle und molekulare Grundlagen des Endosomentransports in Ustilago maydis

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den molekularen Grundlagen polaren Wachstums im phytopathogenen Basidiomycet Ustilago maydis. Zunächst wurde die zelluläre Rolle des t-SNAREs Yup1 analysiert. Ein temperatursensitiver Defekt im yup1-Gen hatte zu Störungen in der Zelltrennung und im polaren Wachstum von Sporidien geführt. Mutante Zellen bildeten dabei lange verzweigte Ketten aus verdickten Zellen. Die Lokalisation eines Yup1-GFPFusionsproteins auf beweglichen Organellen hatte zum Aufstellen eines spekulativen Modells geführt, bei dem Yup1 auf Endosomen die Fusion mit ankommenden endozytotischen Vesikeln vermittelt. Eine erstmalige Charakterisierung der Endozytose von U. maydis in dieser Arbeit zeigte, dass es sich bei den mit Yup1-GFP markierten, schnellen Organellen tatsächlich um frühe Endosomen handelte. Diese akkumulierten Zellzyklus-abhängig an Regionen aktiven Wachstums in BSDs. Die Akkumulation früher Endosomen im Apex von Hyphen war für das Spitzenwachstum erforderlich. In yup1ts-Zellen war bei restriktiver Temperatur eine gestörte Endozytose zu beobachten. Dieser Zusammenhang zwischen Zellmorphologie und polarer Sekretion einerseits und Endozytose andererseits deutete darauf hin, dass Membranrecycling über frühe Endosomen entscheidend am polaren Wachstum von U. maydis-Zellen im Speziellen und pilzlichen Hyphen im Allgemeinen mitwirkt. Mittels des Yup1-GFP-Fusionsproteins konnten die molekularen Grundlagen der beobachteten Bewegung von Endosomen untersucht werden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass sich frühe Endosomen entlang von MT bewegen. Für diese Bewegung war in erster Linie das Kinesin Kin3 verantwortlich. Dieses Molekül ist ein neues Mitglied der Unc104/KIF1-Familie von Kinesin-ähnlichen molekularen Motoren und bewegt als solches vermutlich in Richtung der plus-Enden von MT. Gelfiltrationsexperimente legten nahe, dass Kin3 in der Zelle als Monomer vorliegt. Die N-terminale Motordomäne zeigte in vitro eine MTstimulierte ATPase Aktivität. Ein Kin3-GFP-Fusionsprotein lokalisierte in schnell beweglichen Flecken, die im Bewegungsverhalten den frühen Endosomen glichen. Ein Kin3-YFP-Fusionsprotein bewegte entlang von MT und kolokalisierte zudem mit einem Yup1-CFP-Fusionsprotein auf Endosomen. Die Deletion von kin3 führte zu einer starken Reduzierung der Endosomenbewegung. Die in vivo-Untersuchung der MT-Dynamik im Δkin3-Stamm ergab, dass der Großteil der Endosomen in Akkumulationen an den minus-Enden der MT konzentriert war. Entsprechend führte die Überexpression von kin3 zu einer verstärkten Konzentration der Endosomen an den plus-Enden von MT. Die Zellform einzelner Sporidien war im kin3-Deletionsstamm nicht verändert. Allerdings trennten sich die Zellen nach der Teilung wie in der yup1ts-Mutante nicht voneinander. Dieser Trennungsdefekt und ein verändertes Knospungsmuster führten zur Bildung von großen Baum-ähnlichen Zellaggregaten. Im Hyphenstadium führte die Deletion von kin3 außerdem zu einer deutlichen Störung des polaren Wachstums. Die nach Deletion von kin3 beobachtete Restbewegung der Endosomen beruhte fast ausschließlich auf der Aktivität des zytoplasmatischen Dyneins von U. maydis. Das konventionelle Kinesin von U. maydis, Kin2, zeigte ebenfalls einen Einfluss auf die Organisation und Position endosomaler Akkumulationen, obwohl es vermutlich nicht direkt am Transport einzelner Endosomen beteiligt ist. Die präsentierten Daten zeigen, dass Endosomen MT- und Zellzyklus-abhängig organisiert sind. Die Position der BSDs korrelierte dabei mit Funktionen der Endosomen bei der Zelltrennung, in der Bestimmung des Knospungsmusters und beim polaren Wachstum. Da die MT während des Knospenwachstums unipolar ausgerichtet sind, nutzt die U. maydis-Zelle das Wechselspiel des plus-Motors Kin3 und des minus-Motors Dynein, um die Endosomen Zellzyklus-abhängig an den plus- oder minus-Enden der MT zu akkumulieren

Visualization of Endothelial Actin Cytoskeleton in the Mouse Retina

Angiogenesis requires coordinated changes in cell shape of endothelial cells (ECs), orchestrated by the actin cytoskeleton. The mechanisms that regulate this rearrangement in vivo are poorly understood - largely because of the difficulty to visualize filamentous actin (F-actin) structures with sufficient resolution. Here, we use transgenic mice expressing Lifeact-EGFP to visualize F-actin in ECs. We show that in the retina, Lifeact-EGFP expression is largely restricted to ECs allowing detailed visualization of F-actin in ECs in situ. Lifeact-EGFP labels actin associated with cell-cell junctions, apical and basal membranes and highlights actin-based structures such as filopodia and stress fiber-like cytoplasmic bundles. We also show that in the skin and the skeletal muscle, Lifeact-EGFP is highly expressed in vascular mural cells (vMCs), enabling vMC imaging. In summary, our results indicate that the Lifeact-EGFP transgenic mouse in combination with the postnatal retinal angiogenic model constitutes an excellent system for vascular cell biology research. Our approach is ideally suited to address structural and mechanistic details of angiogenic processes, such as endothelial tip cell migration and fusion, EC polarization or lumen formation

Cold-inducible RNA binding protein (CIRP), a novel XTcf-3 specific target gene regulates neural development in Xenopus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>As nuclear mediators of wnt/β-catenin signaling, Lef/Tcf transcription factors play important roles in development and disease. Although it is well established, that the four vertebrate Lef/Tcfs have unique functional properties, most studies unite Lef-1, Tcf-1, Tcf-3 and Tcf-4 and reduce their function to uniformly transduce wnt/β-catenin signaling for activating wnt target genes. In order to discriminate target genes regulated by XTcf-3 from those regulated by XTcf-4 or Lef/Tcfs in general, we performed a subtractive screen, using neuralized <it>Xenopus </it>animal cap explants.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We identified cold-inducible RNA binding protein (CIRP) as novel XTcf-3 specific target gene. Furthermore, we show that knockdown of XTcf-3 by injection of an antisense morpholino oligonucleotide results in a general broadening of the anterior neural tissue. Depletion of XCIRP by antisense morpholino oligonucleotide injection leads to a reduced stability of mRNA and an enlargement of the anterior neural plate similar to the depletion of XTcf-3.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Distinct steps in neural development are differentially regulated by individual Lef/Tcfs. For proper development of the anterior brain XTcf-3 and the Tcf-subtype specific target XCIRP appear indispensable. Thus, regulation of anterior neural development, at least in part, depends on mRNA stabilization by the novel XTcf-3 target gene XCIRP.</p

Impacts of tropospheric ozone on semi-natural ecosystems

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Rong Li: Tipping the balance in cell biology

Li takes multiple approaches to understand how signaling pathways really work