Are textual mediation activities effective in the training of translators? Insights from an empirical study

According to the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) for Languages, when mediating, speakers need to apply a series of strategies such as condensation, reformulation, and translation to transmit the content of a text. Differences between trained translators and learners are quite frequent. The pedagogical challenge that arises here can be addressed by using textual mediation activities to help students define a ‘skopos’ and to avoid interferences from the source text. In this study, we compared the results of 15 translation and 15 mediation activities carried out by two groups of university students (L1 Spanish, L2 German) in an economic translation course. Results showed that linguistic mistakes decreased in some cases in the mediation activity, as students were able to detach themselves from the original structures with greater confidence. The pedagogical implications of these results may help open a new pathway in the design and application of activities and courses in the initial stages of translation training in higher education

Sistema de limpieza CIP en una industria de fabricación de cerveza

En este t rabajo de f in de grado se abarca la necesidad de l levar a cabo la correcta higiene en una instalación de fabricación de cerveza. Mediante los sistemas Cleaning in Place (CIP) se pueden efectuar las operaciones de enjuagado, l impieza y desinfección de forma controlada y automát ica o semiautomát ica con la mínima intervención humana. Antes de just i f icar la implantación de un sistema CIP, ha de conocerse bien el proceso de elaboración de la cerveza, así como los aspectos microbiológicos que cobran importancia en la posible contaminación. Posteriormente se hace un anál isis general de los agentes químicos de l impieza y desinfección, l legando a plantear efectuar conjuntamente estas operaciones. Descri tas las general idades de los CIP, se propone un diseño sin base de cálculo de un sistema CIP para una instalación cervecera de escala media a part ir de todo lo anteriormente expl icado y con diagramas en Microsof t Visio.Departamento de Química AnalíticaGrado en Ingeniería Químic

Procesos de focalización en el registro científico en inglés moderno tardío

Las lenguas cuentan, entre otros, con diversos recursos para resaltar la información en el discurso. Según el principio del foco final (Quirk & Greenbaum, 1973; Downing & Locke, 2006), el último de los miembros de un enunciado es el más informativo. Este grado de informatividad puede ser también marcado a través de operadores focales. En este sentido, atendiendo a la perspectiva del receptor, varios estudios experimentales apuntan a la importancia de estos operadores como reguladores en el procesamiento de la información (Loureda et al. 2015; Nadal, Recio Fernández, Rudka, & Loureda 2017; Cruz & Loureda, 2019). Existen estudios sobre estos operadores desde perspectivas más cercanas al emisor, ya sean descriptivas (König, 1991; Dimroth & Klein, 1996; Traugott 1996) o contrastivas (Bouma, Hendricks, & Hoeksema, 2007; Gast & van der Auwera, 2011; Gast, 2017). Desde la lingüística de corpus, se ha estudiado su uso en corpus generales (Gast, 2006, 2017; Traugott, 2006; Gast & Rzymski, 2015). Sin embargo, poco se ha investigado sobre ellos en corpus especializados. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el uso de distintos operadores focales (also, even, only, too, entre otros) en varios subcorpus del Coruña Corpus (Moskowich & Crespo García, 2007; Moskowich & Parapar López, 2008; Crespo García & Moskowich, 2010), un corpus especializado en el registro científico en inglés en el período moderno tardío. En particular se seleccionaron para este estudio los subcorpus de astronomía (CETA, Moskowich, Lareo, Camiña Rioboo, & Crespo, 2012), filosofía (CEPhiT, Moskowich, Camiña Rioboo, Lareo, & Crespo, 2016), historia (CHET, Moskowich, Lareo, Lojo Sandino, & Sánchez Barreiro, 2019) y ciencias de la vida (CELiST, Lareo, Monaco, Esteve-Ramos, & Moskowich, 2021). El carácter diacrónico del corpus, que cubre el período de consolidación del registro científico en inglés (siglos XVII y XIX) aporta una nueva dimensión aún no explorada en el estudio de los operadores focales. Igualmente, la orientación sociolingüística del corpus permite la inclusión de variables extralingüísticas (sexo y lugar de educación del autor(a), tipo de texto), que, unidas a un estudio lingüístico, han permitido extraer conclusiones sobre el uso de los operadores focales en el registro científico en inglés moderno tardío.  Languages have various resources to highlight information within discourse and focalization is one of them. According to the principle of the final focus (Quirk & Greenbaum, 1973; Downing & Locke, 2006), the last member of a statement is also the most informative. This degree of informativeness can also be marked through focus operators. Several experimental studies point to the importance of these units as regulators in information processing (Loureda et al., 2015, Nadal et al., 2017, Cruz & Loureda, 2019). There are studies on operators from perspective of the writer/speaker, both from a descriptive (König, 1991, Dimroth & Klein, 1996, Traugott, 1996) and contrastive perspectives (Bouma, Hendricks & Hoeksema, 2007, Gast & van der Auwera, 2011, Gast, 2017a). Within corpus linguistics, its use has been studied in general corpora (Gast, 2006, Traugott, Gast & Rzymski, 2015, Gast 2017b). However, little attention has yet been paid to their use in specialized registers (and corpora). The objective of this study is to analyze the use of different focus operators (also, even, only, too, as well) in various subcorpora of the Coruña Corpus (Moskowich & Crespo García, 2007, Moskowich & Parapar López, 2008, Crespo García & Moskowich, 2010, 2020), a corpus specialized in the development of the scientific register in English in the late modern period. Four subcorpora were selected. They correspond to the disciplines of astronomy (CETA, Moskowich, Lareo, Camiña Rioboo & Crespo 2012), philosophy (CEPhiT, Moskowich, Camiña Rioboo, Lareo & Crespo, 2016), history (CHET, Moskowich, Lareo, Lojo Sandino & Sánchez Barreiro, 2019), and life sciences (CELiST, Lareo, Monaco, Esteve-Ramos, Moskowich, 2021). The diachronic character of the corpus, which covers the period of consolidation of the scientific register in English (18th and 19th centuries), provides a new dimension not yet explored in the study of focus operators. Likewise, the sociolinguistic orientation of the corpus allows the inclusion of extralinguistic variables (sex and place of education of the author, as well as text type), which, together with the study of linguistic variables, have allowed conclusions to be drawn about the use of focus operators in late Modern English scientific register

Nominalizations and female scientific writing in the late Modern period

El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de la variable sexo en el uso de nominalizaciones, un conocido marcador de registro científico, en textos científicos escritos en inglés en los siglos XVIIIy XIX, y la profundización en las diferencias en el uso de nominalizaciones en los escritos de los científicos y científicas de la época. El artículo está estructurado en cuatro partes. La primera sección proporciona una descripción de la situación de las mujeres científicas en la época moderna tardía. La segunda sección se ocupa del registro científico, el estilo de escritura femenina y las nominalizaciones. En la tercera sección se presentan el corpus y la metodología utilizada para este estudio. A continuación, en la cuarta sección se presenta un análisis de los datos.The aim of this paper is to study the sex variable in the use of nominalizations, a wellknown marker of scientific register, in scientific texts written in English in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and to delve into whether we can identify differences in the use of nominalizations in the writings of female and male scientists of that time. The paper is structured in four parts. Section One provides an account of the situation of women scientists in the late modern period, encompassing and analysis of their situation in the academia and their consideration for intellectual activities. Section Two is concerned with scientific register, female writing styles and nominalizations. In Section Three the corpus and methodology used for this study are presented. This is followed in Section Four by an analysis of data. In the last section, conclusions and suggestion for further research are offered

Respuesta del olivo a la inoculación con "Spilocaea oleagina", agente del repilo

An inoculation method of olive leaves with Spilocaea oleagina has been developed using detached leaves, shoot cuttings of 5-6 pairs of leaves in test tubes with water, and 6-9 month-old rooted cuttings in soil. Leaves were sprayed or dripped with a conidial suspension (1 x 105 conidia /ml) obtained by sonication of naturally infected leaves showing highly sporulated scab lesions. Detached leaves were placed in plastic trays between two layers of wet filter paper. During the infection period (48h), plastic trays with leaves and cuttings were placed in the dark in a growth chamber at 12-20°C and 100% RH. After 48 h, they were incubated in the same growth chamber with 14 h photoperiod and > 80% RH. Rooted cuttings were also incubated in the greenhouse at 10-30°C and low RH. Disease symptoms in inoculated leaves mimicked the various peacock spot or scab symptoms observed under field conditions. Duration of incubation or latent period and development of symptoms depended on incubation conditions, leafage, and cultivar susceptibility. Latent period varied from 1 up to 6 months. Younger leaves, or less cutinized leaves, were more susceptible than older ones. Selected olive cultivars showed significant differences in the incidence of infections by S. oleagina, and in spore production on the lesions. The simplicity of the inoculation method, particularly the detached leaf assay, makes it useful for selection of resistance in large plant populations, and for basic and applied studies on pathogenesis, epidemiology, and disease control.Se ha puesto a punto un método de inoculación de olivo con Spilocaea oleagina utilizando hojas separadas, estaquillas con 5-6 pares de hojas y plantones de 6-9 meses. Las hojas fueron inoculadas mediante pulverización o por deposición de gotas de una suspensión de conidias (105 conidias/ml), obtenida por agitación en ultrasonidos de hojas naturalmente infectadas que presentaban lesiones con abundante esporulación. Las hojas separadas fueron colocadas en cámaras húmedas entre dos papeles de filtro continuamente saturados de agua. Durante el período de infección (48 h), las cámaras húmedas con las hojas, así como las estaquillas y los plantones inoculados se mantuvieron en oscuridad en una cámara climática a 12-20°C y 100% RH. Después de las 48 h, todas las hojas y plantas inoculadas se incubaron en la misma cámara climática con 14 h de fotoperíodo y HR > 80%. Los plantones se incubaron, además, en invernadero a 10-30°C y baja HR. Los síntomas desarrollados en las hojas inoculadas fueron similares a los descritos para el Repilo en campo. La duración del período de incubación o latencia y el desarrollo de los síntomas dependieron de las condiciones de incubación, de la edad de las hojas y de la susceptibilidad de los cultivares. El período de incubación varió entre 1 y 6 meses. Las hojas jóvenes, o menos cutinizadas, fueron más susceptibles que las adultas. Los cultivares seleccionados difirieron en la incidencia de infecciones, así como en la producción de esporas en las lesiones. La sencillez del método de inoculación, especialmente el ensayo de hojas separadas, permite su utilización para evaluar un gran número de cultivares, así como para estudios básicos y aplicados sobre patogénesis, epidemiología y control

On how "the motion of the stars" changed the language of science : a corpus-based study of deverbal nominalizations in astronomy texts from 1700 to 1900

[Resumen] Esta tesis doctoral supone un análisis sobre las nominalizaciones deverbales formadas por sufijación en textos de astronomía escritos en inglés en los siglos XVIII y XIX. El material de análisis para este estudio fue tomado del Corpus of English Texts on Astronomy (CETA) (Moskowich et al., 2012). El corpus contiene dos textos por década y cada una de las muestras contiene alrededor de 10.000 palabras, lo que hace un total de 400.000 palabras analizables. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es el estudio de las nominalizaciones como marcadores del discurso científico en inglés moderno tardío. Varios cambios sociales que tuvieron lugar a principios de la Europa moderna afectaron gravemente el enfoque científico y esto tuvo un efecto directo en su lenguaje. Para llevar a cabo el análisis, he creado una tipología de las nominalizaciones que tiene en cuenta características formales y funcionales. Se formularon una serie de variables independientes: por un lado, las variables extralingüísticas abarcaron la cronología, el sexo del autor, el lugar de educación del autor y el tipo de texto; el resto de variables lingüísticas abordaron la estructura de las nominalizaciones y sus frases nominales e incluyeron el uso de sufijos, la etimología, los modificadores, las construcciones posesivas, la inclusión de agentes y circunstancias y la función sintáctica. Estas variables se aplicaron primero al número total de nominalizaciones encontradas en el corpus (8.446) y luego a las cuatro tipologías creadas.[Resumo]Esta tese de doutoramento é unha análise sobre as nominalizacións deverbais formadas por sufixación en textos de astronomía escritos en inglés nos séculos XVIII e XIX. O material corpus para este estudo foi tirado do Corpus of English Texts on Astronomy (CETA) (Moskowich et al., 2012). O corpus contén dous textos por década e cada mostra contén aproximadamente 10.000 palabras, o que fai un total de 400.000 palabras analizábles. O principal obxectivo deste traballo é estudar as nominalizacións como marcadores do discurso científico en inglés moderno tardío. Varios cambios sociais que se produciron en Europa ao comezo da etapa moderna afectaron severamente os enfoques de cara a ciencia e iso tivo un efecto directo sobre a súa linguaxe. Para realizar a análise creei unha tipoloxía de nominalizacións tendo en conta características formais e funcionais. Tamén formulei unha serie de variables independientes: por unha banda, as variables extralinguísticas inclúen cronoloxía, sexo do autor, lugar de educación do autor e tipo de texto; por outra, unha serie de variables intralingüísticas cubren aspectos relacionados coa estrutura das nominalizacións e as súas frases nominais. Estas incluen o uso de sufixos, a etimoloxía, os modificadores empregados, as construcións posessivas, a inclusión de axentes e circunstancias e a función sintáctica. Estas variables foron primeiramente aplicadas ao número total de nominalizacións atopadas no corpus (8.446) e, a continuación, as catro tipoloxías creadas para este estudo.[Abstract] This doctoral thesis analyzes deverbal nominalizations formed through suffixation in astronomy texts written in English in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The corpus material for this study was taken from the The Corpus of English Texts on Astronomy (CETA) (Moskowich et al., 2012). The corpus contains two texts per decade and each sample text contains around 10,000 words, which makes a total of 400,000 analyzable words. The main aim of this work is to study nominalizations as scientific discourse markers in late Modern English. Several social changes that took place in early Modern Europe affected severely approaches to science and this had a direct effect on its language. To carry out the analysis a typology of nominalizations acknowledging formal and functional features was created and independent variables were formulated: on the one hand, extralinguistic variables included chronology, sex of author, place of education and text-type; on the other hand, intralinguistic variables dealt with the structure of nominalizations and their NPs and included suffix use, etymology, modifiers, possessive constructions, agency and circumstance inclusion and syntactical function. These variables were first applied to the total number of nominalizations found in the corpus (8,446) and then to the four typologies created

Biology and epidemiology of Venturia species affecting fruit crops: a review

[EN] The fungal genus Venturia Sacc. (anamorph Fusicladium Bonord.) includes plant pathogens that cause substantial economic damage to fruit crops worldwide. Although Venturia inaequalis is considered a model species in plant pathology, other Venturia spp. also cause scab on other fruit trees. Relative to the substantial research that has been conducted on V. inaequalis and apple scab, little research has been conducted on Venturia spp. affecting other fruit trees. In this review, the main characteristics of plant-pathogenic species of Venturia are discussed with special attention to V. inaequalis affecting apple, V. pyrina affecting European pear, V. nashicola affecting Asian pear, V. carpophila affecting peach and almond, Fusicladium oleagineum affecting olive, F. effusum affecting pecan, and F. eriobotryae affecting loquat. This review has two main objectives: (i) to identify the main gaps in our knowledge regarding the biology and epidemiology of Venturia spp. affecting fruit trees; and (ii) to identify similarities and differences among these Venturia spp. in order to improve disease management. A thorough review has been conducted of studies regarding the phylogenetic relationships, host ranges, biologies, and epidemiologies of Venturia spp. A multiple correspondence analysis (CA) has also been performed on the main epidemiological components of these Venturia spp. CA separated the Venturia spp. into two main groups, according to their epidemiological behavior: the first group included V. inaequalis, V. pyrina, V. nashicola, and V. carpophila, the second F. oleagineum and F. eriobotryae, with F. effusum having an intermediate position. This review shows that Venturia spp. affecting fruit trees are highly host-specific, and that important gaps in understanding the life cycle exist for some species, including V. pyrina; gaps include pseudothecia formation, ascospore and conidia germination, and mycelial growth. Considering the epidemiological information reviewed, this paper shows that the use of Mills tables to predict infection periods should be avoided for Venturia spp. other than V. inaequalis.This work was supported by “Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA)” grant number RTA2013-00004-C03-03, and FEDER Funds.González Domínguez, E.; Armengol Fortí, J.; Rossi, V. (2017). Biology and epidemiology of Venturia species affecting fruit crops: a review. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01496S

Development and validation of a weather-based model for predicting infection of loquat fruit by Fusicladium eriobotryae

A mechanistic, dynamic model was developed to predict infection of loquat fruit by conidia of Fusicladium eriobotryae, the causal agent of loquat scab. The model simulates scab infection periods and their severity through the sub-processes of spore dispersal, infection, and latency (i.e., the state variables); change from one state to the following one depends on environmental conditions and on processes described by mathematical equations. Equations were developed using published data on F. eriobotryae mycelium growth, conidial germination, infection, and conidial dispersion pattern. The model was then validated by comparing model output with three independent data sets. The model accurately predicts the occurrence and severity of infection periods as well as the progress of loquat scab incidence on fruit (with concordance correlation coefficients .0.95). Model output agreed with expert assessment of the disease severity in seven loquatgrowing seasons. Use of the model for scheduling fungicide applications in loquat orchards may help optimise scab management and reduce fungicide applications.This work was funded by Cooperativa Agricola de Callosa d'En Sarria (Alicante, Spain). Three months' stay of E. Gonzalez-Dominguez at the Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Piacenza, Italy) was supported by the Programa de Apoyo a la Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID-00-12) de la Universidad Politecnica de Valencia. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.González Domínguez, E.; Armengol Fortí, J.; Rossi, V. (2014). Development and validation of a weather-based model for predicting infection of loquat fruit by Fusicladium eriobotryae. PLoS ONE. 9(9):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107547S11299Sánchez-Torres, P., Hinarejos, R., & Tuset, J. J. (2009). Characterization and Pathogenicity ofFusicladium eriobotryae, the Fungal Pathogen Responsible for Loquat Scab. Plant Disease, 93(11), 1151-1157. doi:10.1094/pdis-93-11-1151Gladieux, P., Caffier, V., Devaux, M., & Le Cam, B. (2010). Host-specific differentiation among populations of Venturia inaequalis causing scab on apple, pyracantha and loquat. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 47(6), 511-521. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2009.12.007González-Domínguez, E., Rossi, V., Armengol, J., & García-Jiménez, J. (2013). Effect of Environmental Factors on Mycelial Growth and Conidial Germination ofFusicladium eriobotryae, and the Infection of Loquat Leaves. Plant Disease, 97(10), 1331-1338. doi:10.1094/pdis-02-13-0131-reGonzález-Domínguez, E., Rossi, V., Michereff, S. J., García-Jiménez, J., & Armengol, J. (2014). Dispersal of conidia of Fusicladium eriobotryae and spatial patterns of scab in loquat orchards in Spain. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 139(4), 849-861. doi:10.1007/s10658-014-0439-0Becker, C. M. (1994). Discontinuous Wetting and Survival of Conidia ofVenturia inaequalison Apple Leaves. Phytopathology, 84(4), 372. doi:10.1094/phyto-84-372Hartman, J. R., Parisi, L., & Bautrais, P. (1999). Effect of Leaf Wetness Duration, Temperature, and Conidial Inoculum Dose on Apple Scab Infections. Plant Disease, 83(6), 531-534. doi:10.1094/pdis.1999.83.6.531Holb, I. J., Heijne, B., Withagen, J. C. M., & Jeger, M. J. (2004). Dispersal of Venturia inaequalis Ascospores and Disease Gradients from a Defined Inoculum Source. Journal of Phytopathology, 152(11-12), 639-646. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2004.00910.xRossi, V., Giosue, S., & Bugiani, R. (2003). Influence of Air Temperature on the Release of Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis. Journal of Phytopathology, 151(1), 50-58. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00680.xStensvand, A., Gadoury, D. M., Amundsen, T., Semb, L., & Seem, R. C. (1997). Ascospore Release and Infection of Apple Leaves by Conidia and Ascospores ofVenturia inaequalisat Low Temperatures. Phytopathology, 87(10), 1046-1053. doi:10.1094/phyto.1997.87.10.1046Machardy WE (1996) Apple scab. Biology, epidemiology and management. St. Paul: APS Press. 545.James, J. R. (1982). Environmental Factors Influencing Pseudothecial Development and Ascospore Maturation ofVenturia inaequalis. Phytopathology, 72(8), 1073. doi:10.1094/phyto-72-1073Li, B., Zhao, H., Li, B., & Xu, X.-M. (2003). Effects of temperature, relative humidity and duration of wetness period on germination and infection by conidia of the pear scab pathogen (Venturia nashicola). Plant Pathology, 52(5), 546-552. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00887.xLi, B.-H., Xu, X.-M., Li, J.-T., & Li, B.-D. (2005). Effects of temperature and continuous and interrupted wetness on the infection of pear leaves by conidia of Venturia nashicola. Plant Pathology, 54(3), 357-363. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01207.xUMEMOTO, S. (1990). Dispersion of ascospores and conidia of causal fungus of Japanese pear scab, Venturia nashicola. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology, 56(4), 468-473. doi:10.3186/jjphytopath.56.468Rossi, V., Salinari, F., Pattori, E., Giosuè,, S., & Bugiani, R. (2009). Predicting the Dynamics of Ascospore Maturation ofVenturia pirinaBased on Environmental Factors. Phytopathology, 99(4), 453-461. doi:10.1094/phyto-99-4-0453Spotts, R. A. (1991). Effect of Temperature and Wetness on Infection of Pear byVenturia pirinaand the Relationship Between Preharvest Inoculation and Storage Scab. Plant Disease, 75(12), 1204. doi:10.1094/pd-75-1204Spotts, R. A. (1994). Factors Affecting Maturation and Release of Ascospores ofVenturia pirinain Oregon. Phytopathology, 84(3), 260. doi:10.1094/phyto-84-260Villalta, O., Washington, W. S., Rimmington, G. M., & Taylor, P. A. (2000). Australasian Plant Pathology, 29(4), 255. doi:10.1071/ap00048Villalta, O. N., Washington, W. S., Rimmington, G. M., & Taylor, P. A. (2000). Effects of temperature and leaf wetness duration on infection of pear leaves by Venturia pirina. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 51(1), 97. doi:10.1071/ar99068Lan, Z., & Scherm, H. (2003). Moisture Sources in Relation to Conidial Dissemination and Infection byCladosporium carpophilumWithin Peach Canopies. Phytopathology, 93(12), 1581-1586. doi:10.1094/phyto.2003.93.12.1581Lawrence, Jr., E. G. (1982). Environmental Effects on the Development and Dissemination ofCladosporium carpophilumon Peach. Phytopathology, 72(7), 773. doi:10.1094/phyto-72-773Gottwald, T. R. (1985). Influence of Temperature, Leaf Wetness Period, Leaf Age, and Spore Concentration on Infection of Pecan Leaves by Conidia ofCladosporium caryigenum. Phytopathology, 75(2), 190. doi:10.1094/phyto-75-190Latham, A. J. (1982). Effects of Some Weather Factors andFusicladium effusumConidium Dispersal on Pecan Scab Occurrence. Phytopathology, 72(10), 1339. doi:10.1094/phyto-72-1339MARZO, L., FRISULLO, S., LOPS, F., & ROSSI, V. (1993). Possible dissemination of Spilocaea oleagina conidia by insects (Ectopsocus briggsi). EPPO Bulletin, 23(3), 389-391. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb01341.xLOPS, F., FRISULLO, S., & ROSSI, V. (1993). Studies on the spread of the olive scab pathogen, Spilocaea oleagina. EPPO Bulletin, 23(3), 385-387. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb01340.xObanor, F. O., Walter, M., Jones, E. E., & Jaspers, M. V. (2007). Effect of temperature, relative humidity, leaf wetness and leaf age on Spilocaea oleagina conidium germination on olive leaves. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 120(3), 211-222. doi:10.1007/s10658-007-9209-6Obanor, F. O., Walter, M., Jones, E. E., & Jaspers, M. V. (2010). Effects of temperature, inoculum concentration, leaf age, and continuous and interrupted wetness on infection of olive plants by Spilocaea oleagina. Plant Pathology, 60(2), 190-199. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02370.xViruega, J. R., Moral, J., Roca, L. F., Navarro, N., & Trapero, A. (2013). Spilocaea oleaginain Olive Groves of Southern Spain: Survival, Inoculum Production, and Dispersal. Plant Disease, 97(12), 1549-1556. doi:10.1094/pdis-12-12-1206-reViruega, J. R., Roca, L. F., Moral, J., & Trapero, A. (2011). Factors Affecting Infection and Disease Development on Olive Leaves Inoculated withFusicladium oleagineum. Plant Disease, 95(9), 1139-1146. doi:10.1094/pdis-02-11-0126Eikemo, H., Gadoury, D. M., Spotts, R. A., Villalta, O., Creemers, P., Seem, R. C., & Stensvand, A. (2011). Evaluation of Six Models to Estimate Ascospore Maturation in Venturia pyrina. Plant Disease, 95(3), 279-284. doi:10.1094/pdis-02-10-0125Li, B.-H., Yang, J.-R., Dong, X.-L., Li, B.-D., & Xu, X.-M. (2007). A dynamic model forecasting infection of pear leaves by conidia of Venturia nashicola and its evaluation in unsprayed orchards. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 118(3), 227-238. doi:10.1007/s10658-007-9138-4Rossi, V., Giosuè, S., & Bugiani, R. (2007). A-scab (Apple-scab), a simulation model for estimating risk of Venturia inaequalis primary infections. EPPO Bulletin, 37(2), 300-308. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2007.01125.xXU, X.-M., BUTT, D. J., & SANTEN, G. (1995). A dynamic model simulating infection of apple leaves by Venturia inaequalis. Plant Pathology, 44(5), 865-876. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02746.xRoubal, C., Regis, S., & Nicot, P. C. (2012). Field models for the prediction of leaf infection and latent period ofFusicladium oleagineumon olive based on rain, temperature and relative humidity. Plant Pathology, 62(3), 657-666. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02666.xPayne, A. F., & Smith, D. L. (2012). Development and Evaluation of Two Pecan Scab Prediction Models. 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Les entreprises de bijouterie à Paris de 1860 à 1914

[fre] Résumé . Les bijouteries parisiennes qui ont revêtu une forme sociétaire entre 1860 et 1914 présentent des caractéristiques typiques des petites et moyennes entreprises du XIXe siècle. La diversité des situations, de la micro entreprise à la grosse PME, en est une. Une autre tient à une « mortalité infantile » massive, qu'on relève dans les autres secteurs et les autres pays européens. Cependant, ces entreprises montrent aussi des traits spécifiques à ce secteur d'activité, comme le nombre, plus important qu'ailleurs, de femmes gérantes et propriétaires en nom propre du capital social. [eng] Abstract . Between 1860 and 1914 Parisian jewellery businesses having a company structure typically present the usual characteristics of small and medium-sized firms in the nineteenth century. One of these characteristics is the variety of situations ranging from micro-enterprises to large enterprises. Another one is the massive "infant mortality", which can also be noticed in other sectors and European countries. But these enterprises also present specific features as, among others, the large number of women managers and own name owners of the registered capital, which are more frequent than in other sectors.