342 research outputs found
Menâs misperceptions about the acceptability and attractiveness of aggression
Male norms about aggression may be perpetuated in part by the belief that aggression is more expected or socially desirable than it really is. This paper explores the accuracy of peopleâs beliefs about the acceptability of aggression by examining menâs perceptions of descriptive (what their peers do) and injunctive norms (what their peers approve of or desire). Study 1 found that men (but not women) overestimated the aggressiveness of their peers. Study 2 demonstrated that men (but not women) overestimated peer approval of aggression and disapproval when an affront was not responded to aggressively. Study 3 found that men overestimate how attractive aggression is to women. Study 4 found that greater perceived discrepancies in aggression between self and peers was related to lower self-esteem, a weaker gender identification, and greater feelings of social marginalization, suggesting that menâs misperceptions about aggression norms have negative consequences for self-perceptions
Rooting for the top dog: How social dominance motives shape group preference in intergroup competition
Moving beyond prior research establishing peopleâs preference for underdogs, we examined the role of social dominance orientation (SDO) in shaping individualsâ preference for underdogs versus top dogs in intergroup competitions. Because a victorious underdog can be seen as a threat to hierarchy, we predicted that SDO would be negatively associated with underdog support. In the context of two real-world group competitionsâi.e., the FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Gamesâwe found that SDO was positively associated with a greater preference for top dogs rather than underdogs (Study 1 - 3). This SDO effect on group preference was mediated by beliefs about international sports competitions as opportunities for hierarchy maintenance versus equality promotion (Study 2). Furthermore, SDO and top dog preference were positively associated regardless of the hierarchy domainâi.e., countriesâ economic power versus athletic achievement (Study 3). We discuss the theoretical implications of these findings for intergroup research
Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations
Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that
is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural
data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale
[PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies
and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from
university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1)
the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical
properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMBâs distinctness from, and
associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of
the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed
in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs
about the precariousness of the male gender role
Creencias de los Hombres y Mujeres Americanos sobre la DiscriminaciĂłn de GĂ©nero: Para los Hombres, Esto No Es Precisamente un Juego de Suma Zero
We surveyed Americans regarding their beliefs about gender discrimination over the past several decades. Men and women agreed that women faced much more discrimination than men in the past, and they agreed that the discrimination gap between men and women has narrowed in recent years. However, men perceived the gap as narrower than women did at all time periods, and reported that there is little difference today in the amount of gender discrimination women and men face. Political ideology moderated these beliefs such that conservative men were most likely to report that anti-Man bias now equals or exceeds anti-Woman bias. Similar to recent research on beliefs about racism, these findings suggest that groups which differ historically in status and power exhibit perceptual differences regarding the changing nature of discrimination.Hemos realizado encuestas a personas americanas sobre sus creencias respecto a la discriminaciĂłn de gĂ©nero durante las Ășltimas dĂ©cadas. Tanto hombres como mujeres estaban de acuerdo en que en el pasado las mujeres han sufrido mucha mĂĄs discriminaciĂłn que los hombres, y tambiĂ©n en que esta diferencia se ha ido estrechando en los Ășltimos años. Sin embargo, a los hombres esta diferencia siempre les ha parecido mĂĄs estrecha que a las mujeres durante todos los periodos, y perciben que ahora hay pocas diferencias entre la discriminaciĂłn que afrontan hombres y mujeres. Las ideologĂas polĂticas moderan estas creencias, de manera que los hombres conservadores son mĂĄs propensos a afirmar que el sesgo anti masculino es igual o mayor al sesgo anti femenino. Al igual que algunas investigaciones recientes sobre las creencias respecto al racismo, nuestros hallazgos sugieren que grupos que difieren histĂłricamente en estatus y poder perciben de forma diferente la naturaleza cambiante de la discriminaciĂłn
Gendered self-views across 62 countries: A test of competing models
Social role theory posits that binary gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in less egalitarian countries, reflecting these countriesâ more pronounced sex-based power divisions. Conversely, evolutionary and self-construal theorists suggest that gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in more egalitarian countries, reflecting the greater autonomy support and flexible self-construction processes present in these countries. Using data from 62 countries (N = 28,640), we examine binary gender gaps in agentic and communal self-views as a function of country-level objective gender equality (the Global Gender Gap Index) and subjective distributions of social power (the Power Distance Index). Findings show that in more egalitarian countries, gender gaps in agency are smaller and gender gaps in communality are larger. These patterns are driven primarily by cross-country differences in menâs self-views and by the Power Distance Index (PDI) more robustly than the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI). We consider possible causes and implications of these findings.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio
Perceptions of Economic Inequality in Colombian Daily Life: More Than Unequal Distribution of Economic Resources
Research on perceptions of economic inequality focuses on estimations of the
distribution of financial resources, such as perceived income gaps or wealth distribution.
However, we argue that perceiving inequality is not limited to an economic idea but
also includes other dimensions related to peopleâs daily life. We explored this idea by
conducting an online survey (N = 601) in Colombia, where participants responded to an
open-ended question regarding how they perceived economic inequality. We performed
a content analysis of 1,624 responses to identify relevant topics and used network
analysis tools to explore how such topics were interrelated. We found that perceived
economic inequality is mainly represented by identifying social classes (e.g., the elites
vs. the poor), intergroup relations based on discrimination and social exclusion, public
spaces (e.g., beggars on streets, spatial segregation), and some dynamics about the
distribution of economic resources and the quality of work (e.g., income inequality,
precarious jobs). We discuss how different perceptions of economic inequality may
frame how people understand and respond to inequality.This project was funded as a scholarship to pursue a doctoral
degree given to EG-S COLCIENCIAS-679 (Colombia), and the
PSI2016-78839-P MINECO (Spain) grant given to GWand RR-B
Country-level and individual-level predictors of men's support for gender 20 equality in 42 countries
Men sometimes withdraw support for gender equality movements when their higher gender
status is threatened. Here, we expand the focus of this phenomenon by examining it cross5 culturally, to test if both individual- and country-level variables predict menâs collective action
intentions to support gender equality. We tested a model in which menâs zero-sum beliefs about
gender predict reduced collective action intentions via an increase in hostile sexism. Because
country-level gender equality may threaten menâs higher gender status, we also examined
whether the path from zero-sum beliefs to collective action intentions was stronger in countries
higher in gender equality. Multilevel modeling on 6,781 men from 42 countries supported the
individual-level mediation model, but found no evidence of moderation by country-level gender
equality. Both country-level gender equality and individual-level zero-sum thinking
independently predicted reductions in menâs willingness to act collectively for gender equality
Segmenting initial fans of a new team: A taxonomy of sport early adopters.
Marketers are interested in the first buyers of new products, given their important role in driving wider community adoption. This is especially the case for new entertainment products, like new or relocated sports teams who must quickly build fan connections and loyalty, given the importance of crowds and social networks in adding value to the entertainment experience. Fans choose to connect with sports teams for numerous reasons; however, fan development in the context of a new team has rarely been examined. This paper examines the diversity and similarity among inaugural fans of an expansion team. A large sample (n=1724) was classified into five segments revealing how each varies in their brand associations, satisfaction, identification and involvement. By analysing key dimensions (relationship identifiers) that characterise how consumers connect with a new team, the authors provide new insights about the nature of consumers in the context of a new sports team. Furthermore, the five segments were found to be distinct cohorts, with sufficient variation between them to warrant variant marketing approaches to achieve the outcome of committed, long-term fans
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