Regionalismo y nacionalismo en el siglo XIX : la batalla de los conceptos (País Vasco, Flandes y Frisia)

Este artículo trata de la evolución de los movimientos regionalistas y nacionalistas periféricos en la Europa del siglo XIX a partir de tres casos concretos: País Vasco, Frisia y Flandes. Nuestro análisis coteja dos elementos: uno, la terminología empleada por los propios protagonistas para referirse a sus territorios, y dos, los conceptos que se manejan en la literatura académica para interpretar aquellos discursos. Constatamos que existe una gran ambigüedad al identificar el regionalismo y el nacionalismo, lo que induce a confusión a la hora de realizar estudios comparativos. Aportamos una propuesta para operar con precisión conceptual en esos campos: es preciso recurrir a definiciones de partida que aclaren cómo entendemos cada fenómeno, y es conveniente combinar una interpretación de las culturas tanto en sus propios términos como mediante herramientas analíticas que, aun no existiendo necesariamente en aquel tiempo o lugar, tengan un significado que describa aquellas inquietudes de nuestros antepasados.Aquest article tracta de l'evolució dels moviments regionalistes i nacionalistes perifèrics a l'Europa del segle XIX a partir de tres casos concrets: País Basc, Frisia i Flandes. La nostra anàlisi confronta dos elements: un, la terminologia emprada pels propis protagonistes per referir-se als seus territoris, i dos, els conceptes que s'emprena la literatura acadèmica per interpretar aquells discursos. Constatem que existeix una gran ambigüitat a l'hora d'identificar el regionalisme i el nacionalisme, la qual cosa indueix a confusió en realitzar estudis comparatius. Aportem una proposta per operar amb precisió conceptual en aquests camps: cal recórrer a definicions de partida que aclareixin com entenem cada fenomen, i és convenient combinar una interpretació de les cultures tant en els seus propis termes com mitjançant eines analítiques que, tot i que no existissin necessàriament en aquell temps o lloc, tinguin un significat que descrigui aquelles inquietuds dels nostres avantpassats.This article deals with the evolution of peripheral regionalist and nationalist movements in nineteenth century Europe from three specific cases: the Basque Country, Friesland and Flanders. Our analysis confronts two elements: the terminology used by the protagonists themselves talking about their territories and the concepts used in the academic literature to disclose those discourses. We have found that there is great ambiguity in identifying regionalism and nationalism, which leads to confusion when comparative studies are carried out. We offer a proposal to operate with conceptual precision in these fields: it is necessary to use starting definitions that clarify how we understand each phenomenon, and it is convenient to combine an interpretation of the cultures both in their own terms and through analytical tools that, though not necessarily existing in that time or place, have a meaning that describes those concerns of our ancestors

Forjando nación desde abajo: violencia e identidades en el País Vasco y el Ulster

In Northern Ireland the population has been classified into different communities following political/religious categories. Scholars, as well as the people in general, have usually compared the situation in the Basque Country with that existing in Ulster. In this article we explore whether Basque society might be classified using the kind of categories valid for the Northern Irish, trying to address the following question: To what extent does Northern Ireland’s “nationalism from below” reflect the same kind of political-religious communities prevailing in the Basque Country? In order to find an answer we focus on the evolution of radical nationalist groups in the Basque Country, Spain, the United Kingdom and Ireland in the second half of the twentieth century.En Irlanda del Norte la principal línea divisoria de la población es la pertenencia a una categoría específica, la de comunidad político-religiosa. En diversas ocasiones se ha comparado la situación del País Vasco con la del Ulster. En este artículo comprobaremos si la sociedad vasca podría ser clasificada de la misma manera que la norirlandesa. Pretendemos responder a la siguiente pregunta principal: ¿en qué medida el nacionalismo desde abajo en Irlanda del Norte y Euskadi se parece o difiere respecto a la construcción de comunidades político-religiosas? Nos centraremos en la evolución de las alas radicales de los nacionalismos vasco, español, británico e irlandés en la segunda mitad del siglo XX

Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Neuropathic and Mixed Pain in Children and Adolescents: Results of a Survey Study amongst Practitioners

Validated diagnostic tools to diagnose chronic neuropathic and mixed pain in children are missing. Therapeutic options are often derived from therapeutics for adults. To investigate the international practice amongst practitioners for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic, neuropathic pain in children and adolescents, we performed a survey study among members of learned societies or groups whose members are known to treat pediatric pain. The survey included questions concerning practitioners and practice characteristics, assessment and diagnosis, treatment and medication. We analyzed 117 returned questionnaires, of which 41 (35%) were fully completed and 76 (65%) were partially completed. Most respondents based the diagnosis of neuropathic pain on physical examination (68 (58.1%)), patient history (67 (57.3%)), and underlying disease (59 (50.4%)) combined. Gabapentin, amitriptyline, and pregabalin were the first-choice treatments for moderate neuropathic pain. Tramadol, ibuprofen, amitriptyline, and paracetamol were the first-choice treatments for moderate mixed pain. Consensus on the diagnostic process of neuropathic pain in children and adolescents is lacking. Drug treatment varies widely for moderate, severe neuropathic, and mixed pain. Hence, diagnostic tools and therapy need to be harmonized and validated for use in children

Polygenic prediction of educational attainment within and between families from genome-wide association analyses in 3 million individuals

We conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment (EA) in a sample of ~3 million individuals and identify 3,952 approximately uncorrelated genome-wide-significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A genome-wide polygenic predictor, or polygenic index (PGI), explains 12-16% of EA variance and contributes to risk prediction for ten diseases. Direct effects (i.e., controlling for parental PGIs) explain roughly half the PGI's magnitude of association with EA and other phenotypes. The correlation between mate-pair PGIs is far too large to be consistent with phenotypic assortment alone, implying additional assortment on PGI-associated factors. In an additional GWAS of dominance deviations from the additive model, we identify no genome-wide-significant SNPs, and a separate X-chromosome additive GWAS identifies 57

Stroke genetics informs drug discovery and risk prediction across ancestries

Previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of stroke — the second leading cause of death worldwide — were conducted predominantly in populations of European ancestry1,2. Here, in cross-ancestry GWAS meta-analyses of 110,182 patients who have had a stroke (five ancestries, 33% non-European) and 1,503,898 control individuals, we identify association signals for stroke and its subtypes at 89 (61 new) independent loci: 60 in primary inverse-variance-weighted analyses and 29 in secondary meta-regression and multitrait analyses. On the basis of internal cross-ancestry validation and an independent follow-up in 89,084 additional cases of stroke (30% non-European) and 1,013,843 control individuals, 87% of the primary stroke risk loci and 60% of the secondary stroke risk loci were replicated (P < 0.05). Effect sizes were highly correlated across ancestries. Cross-ancestry fine-mapping, in silico mutagenesis analysis3, and transcriptome-wide and proteome-wide association analyses revealed putative causal genes (such as SH3PXD2A and FURIN) and variants (such as at GRK5 and NOS3). Using a three-pronged approach4, we provide genetic evidence for putative drug effects, highlighting F11, KLKB1, PROC, GP1BA, LAMC2 and VCAM1 as possible targets, with drugs already under investigation for stroke for F11 and PROC. A polygenic score integrating cross-ancestry and ancestry-specific stroke GWASs with vascular-risk factor GWASs (integrative polygenic scores) strongly predicted ischaemic stroke in populations of European, East Asian and African ancestry5. Stroke genetic risk scores were predictive of ischaemic stroke independent of clinical risk factors in 52,600 clinical-trial participants with cardiometabolic disease. Our results provide insights to inform biology, reveal potential drug targets and derive genetic risk prediction tools across ancestries

Regionalismo y nacionalismo en el siglo XIX : la batalla de los conceptos (País Vasco, Flandes y Frisia)

Este artículo trata de la evolución de los movimientos regionalistas y nacionalistas periféricos en la Europa del siglo XIX a partir de tres casos concretos: País Vasco, Frisia y Flandes. Nuestro análisis coteja dos elementos: uno, la terminología empleada por los propios protagonistas para referirse a sus territorios, y dos, los conceptos que se manejan en la literatura académica para interpretar aquellos discursos. Constatamos que existe una gran ambigüedad al identificar el regionalismo y el nacionalismo, lo que induce a confusión a la hora de realizar estudios comparativos. Aportamos una propuesta para operar con precisión conceptual en esos campos: es preciso recurrir a definiciones de partida que aclaren cómo entendemos cada fenómeno, y es conveniente combinar una interpretación de las culturas tanto en sus propios términos como mediante herramientas analíticas que, aun no existiendo necesariamente en aquel tiempo o lugar, tengan un significado que describa aquellas inquietudes de nuestros antepasados.Aquest article tracta de l'evolució dels moviments regionalistes i nacionalistes perifèrics a l'Europa del segle XIX a partir de tres casos concrets: País Basc, Frisia i Flandes. La nostra anàlisi confronta dos elements: un, la terminologia emprada pels propis protagonistes per referir-se als seus territoris, i dos, els conceptes que s'emprena la literatura acadèmica per interpretar aquells discursos. Constatem que existeix una gran ambigüitat a l'hora d'identificar el regionalisme i el nacionalisme, la qual cosa indueix a confusió en realitzar estudis comparatius. Aportem una proposta per operar amb precisió conceptual en aquests camps: cal recórrer a definicions de partida que aclareixin com entenem cada fenomen, i és convenient combinar una interpretació de les cultures tant en els seus propis termes com mitjançant eines analítiques que, tot i que no existissin necessàriament en aquell temps o lloc, tinguin un significat que descrigui aquelles inquietuds dels nostres avantpassats.This article deals with the evolution of peripheral regionalist and nationalist movements in nineteenth century Europe from three specific cases: the Basque Country, Friesland and Flanders. Our analysis confronts two elements: the terminology used by the protagonists themselves talking about their territories and the concepts used in the academic literature to disclose those discourses. We have found that there is great ambiguity in identifying regionalism and nationalism, which leads to confusion when comparative studies are carried out. We offer a proposal to operate with conceptual precision in these fields: it is necessary to use starting definitions that clarify how we understand each phenomenon, and it is convenient to combine an interpretation of the cultures both in their own terms and through analytical tools that, though not necessarily existing in that time or place, have a meaning that describes those concerns of our ancestors

Making the nation from below: Violence and identities in the Basque Country and Ulster

In Northern Ireland the population has been classified into different communities following political/religious categories. Scholars, as well as the people in general, have usually compared the situation in the Basque Country with that existing in Ulster. In this article we explore whether Basque society might be classified using the kind of categories valid for the Northern Irish, trying to address the following question: To what extent does Northern Ireland’s “nationalism from below” reflect the same kind of political-religious communities prevailing in the Basque Country? In order to find an answer we focus on the evolution of radical nationalist groups in the Basque Country, Spain, the United Kingdom and Ireland in the second half of the twentieth century.</p