Phylogenetic analysis with morphological characters of the tribe metapterini STÅL, 1859 and taxonomic revision of the genusGhilianella Spinola, 1850 (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE: EMESINAE)

Metapterini Stål, 1859 pertence à Emesinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), apresenta ampla distribuição, e morfologicamente se caracteriza pelo conspícuo processo basal da série póstero-ventral do profemur e pela presença de polimorfismo alar. Na tribo há alta proporção de gêneros com espécies micropteras e ápteras. A única hipótese filogenética disponível para a subfamília assumiu Metapterini como monofilético, embora nunca tenha sido formalmente testado com metodos cladísticos. Além disso, conjuntos de dados moleculares não publicados sugerem parafilia do grupo. Ghilianella Spinola, 1850 é o gênero mais diversificado dentro de Metapterini, exclusivamente Neotropical, e com 72 espécies válidas. Morfologicamente se caracteriza pela série anteroventral do profemur composta por processos espiniformes misturas com setas simples, e genitália do macho simétrica, entre outros caracteres. Os objetivos desta tese são: 1) Testar o monofiletismo de Metapterini usando caracteres morfológicos numa análise cladística; 2) explorar a informatividade filogenética de caracteres morfológicos aqui propostos; 3) avaliar as relações filogenéticas entre os gêneros de Metapterini; 4) hipotetizar as relações filogenéticas entre os gêneros Ghilianella, Ghinallelia e Liaghinella, taxonomicamente problemáticos, para ajudar as suas delimitações e parentesco; e 5) apresentar a revisão taxonômica de Ghilianella explorando novos caracteres morfológicos para ajudar a delimitar as espécies.The assassin bug tribe Metapterini belongs to the subfamily Emesinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Morphologically, it is characterized by the conspicuous basal process of the postero ventral series in the foreleg and the presence of the wing polymorphism, with high proportion of genera with micropterous and apterous species. The only available phylogenetic hypothesis for the subfamily assumed that Metapterini is monophyletic, although it has never been formally tested. In addition, unpublished molecular data sets suggest that this group might be paraphyletic. The genus Ghilianella Spinola, 1850 is the most diversified genus of the Metapterini, exclusively Neotropical with approximately 72 species. Morphologically, it is characterized by having the anteroventral and posteroventral setal series on the two distal thirds of the fore femur, the anteroventral series composed by spines and setae and not interrupted in the base, conspicuous posteroventral process located far from the base of the article, both process of the fore femur to the apical extreme end with acute dentiform process, symmetric phallus, among other characters. The goals of this study are to: 1) evaluate the monophyly of the tribe Metapterini with morphological characters; 2) explore novel morphological characters that may be informative for the phylogenetic analysis; 3) assess the phylogenetic relationships among the genera of Metapterini; 4) resolve the phylogenetic relationships among taxonomically problematic genera Ghilianella, Ghinallelia, and Liaghinella; and 5) undertake the taxonomic revision of the large genus Ghilianella exploring novel morphological characters to help delimit the species

Revisitando el género de chinches emboscadoras Neoanthylla Kormilev, 1951 (Reduviidae, Phymatinae)

Neoanthylla (Kormilev, 1951) es un género Neotropical de Phymatinae con tres especies válidas: Neoanthylla bucki (Kormilev), Neoanthylla horvathi (Handlirsch) y Neoanthylla peruviana Kormilev. Morfológicamente se caracteriza por el profémur alargado y ovalado con la superficie cuticular lisa y brillante; las procoxas largas y subiguales al mesofémur; la carina prosternal larga, alcanzando el margen anterior del mesosternum; y el abdomen entero posteriormente. Las especies de Neoanthylla están escasamente documentadas en la literatura y las estructuras genitales son desconocidas. Además, las especies brasileñas (N. bucki y N. horvathi) son conocidas sólo por hembras. Aquí, se revisa Neoanthylla, se actualizan las diagnosis de las especies válidas, se brindan imágenes de los holotipos de N. horvathi y N. peruviana, y se describe por primera vez el macho de N. horvathi, incluyendo los caracteres genitales.Neoanthylla (Kormilev, 1951) is a Neotropical genus of Phymatinae with three valid species: Neoanthylla bucki (Kormilev), Neoanthylla horvathi (Handlirsch), and Neoanthylla peruviana Kormilev. Morphologically, it is characterized by the elongated and oval profemur with the cuticular surface smooth and shiny; the procoxa long and subequal to the mesofemur; the prosternal carina long, reaching the anterior margin of the mesosternum; and the abdomen posteriorly entire. Neoanthylla species are scarcely documented in the literature, and the genital structures are unknown. In addition, the Brazilian species (N. bucki and N. horvathi) are known only by female specimens. Here, Neoanthylla is revisited, the diagnoses of the valid species are improved, images of the holotypes of N. horvathi and N. peruviana are provided, and the male of N. horvathi is described for the first time, including genital characters.Fil: Castro Huertas, Ana Valentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Entomología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Varela, Pablo Sebastian. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Entomología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Melo, María Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Entomología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Outside the pattern: Evolution of the genital asymmetry in Saicinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae)

Despite genital structures in insects being consistently important as systematic and taxonomy evidence, within assassin bugs (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) at least, the male and female genitalic structures of several subfamilies are poorly or totally unknown. The genital structure is mostly symmetric within Saicinae genera, but male genital asymmetry has been recorded in Gallobelgicus, Polytoxus, and recently Pseudosaica. The subfamily has been considered as closely related to Emesinae and Visayanocorinae but this hypothesis has never been tested using a comprehensive taxa sampling, being a constraint to test morphological traits changes or exploring characters' evolution hypotheses. Here, we compiled a morphological data set of 170 characters that includes external morphological characters and genitalia of both sexes of Saicinae which was analyzed cladistically including 55 terminals, comprising 16 genera (64% of the generic diversity), 43 species of Saicinae and 12 outgroups. Saicinae was recovered as polyphyletic, Saicireta correntina is recovered as sister-species of Empicoris armatus + Collartida (Emesinae), Oncerotrachelus, Carayonia (Visayanocorinae), and the Clade Saicinae sensu stricto. Carayonia orientalis is recovered as sister-species of Saicinae sensu stricto. Ancestral state reconstruction of symmetry of the male genitalia shows an ancestor with symmetric male genitalia, two independent emergences of asymmetrical male genitalia within Saicinae sensu stricto, and the asymmetrical endosomal sclerites appearing before the other asymmetric traits.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Evolutionary mechanisms for camouflage in Cladomorphus phyllinus (Phasmatodea): a reflection on the role of evidence for hypotheses proposition

We address and discuss some of the many fl aws exhibited by Costa et al. (2019) which tried to explain the twig-like camoufl age of Cladomorphus phyllinus. Given the lack of both empirical and theoretical underpinnings in Costa et al. (2019), we call into question the validity of their conclusions, in particular, that horizontal gene transfer is a causal mechanism for the camoufl age in C. phyllinus

More New Records of Spider Wasps from Colombia (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae)

Aporinellus Banks, Austrochares Banks and Dicranoplius Haupt are new generic records for Colombia, as well as the species Dipogon ariel Banks, Evagetes peruana Banks, and Euplaniceps notabilis (Smith). Five new combinations are formally endorsed: Aimatocare argentinica (Banks), comb. n.;Aimatocare longula (Banks), comb. n.; Aimatocare imitator (Evans), comb. n.; Aimatocare impensa (Evans), comb. n.; Aimato-care vitrea (Fox), comb. n. Although these names have been used in Pompilidae, no formal nomenclatural act had been proposed. The presence of Chirodamus paramicola Roig-Alsina, previously reported with uncertainty, is confirmed. Finally, a new combination for Euplaniceps notabilis (Smith), comb. n. is proposed based on molecular phylogenetics and morphological data.The Colombian fauna of Pompilidae sums up to 38 genera and approximately 150 species

New Neotropical Saicinae: new species of Buninotus Maldonado Capriles, Caprilesia Gil-Santana, Marques & Costa, and Pseudosaica Blinn (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Buninotus palikur n. sp. (French Guiana), Caprilesia napuruna n. sp. (Ecuador), Caprilesia sikuani n. sp. (Colombia), and Pseudosaica charrua n. sp. (Argentina) are described. Detailed descriptions of coloration patterns, external morphology and genitalia are offered and discussed for each genus and species. Digital images of external morphological characters and of the genitalia are provided. Updated keys to the species of Buninotus, Caprilesia, and Pseudosaica are presented to facilitate the identification of the species.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Revisitando el género de chinches emboscadoras Neoanthylla Kormilev, 1951 (Reduviidae, Phymatinae)

Neoanthylla (Kormilev, 1951) es un género Neotropical de Phymatinae con tres especies válidas: Neoanthylla bucki (Kormilev), Neoanthylla horvathi (Handlirsch) y Neoanthylla peruviana Kormilev. Morfológicamente se caracteriza por el profémur alargado y ovalado con la superficie cuticular lisa y brillante; las procoxas largas y subiguales al mesofémur; la carina prosternal larga, alcanzando el margen anterior del mesosternum; y el abdomen entero posteriormente. Las especies de Neoanthylla están escasamente documentadas en la literatura y las estructuras genitales son desconocidas. Además, las especies brasileñas (N. bucki y N. horvathi) son conocidas sólo por hembras. Aquí, se revisa Neoanthylla, se actualizan las diagnosis de las especies válidas, se brindan imágenes de los holotipos de N. horvathi y N. peruviana, y se describe por primera vez el macho de N. horvathi, incluyendo los caracteres genitales.Neoanthylla (Kormilev, 1951) is a Neotropical genus of Phymatinae with three valid species: Neoanthylla bucki (Kormilev), Neoanthylla horvathi (Handlirsch), and Neoanthylla peruviana Kormilev. Morphologically, it is characterized by the elongated and oval profemur with the cuticular surface smooth and shiny; the procoxa long and subequal to the mesofemur; the prosternal carina long, reaching the anterior margin of the mesosternum; and the abdomen posteriorly entire. Neoanthylla species are scarcely documented in the literature, and the genital structures are unknown. In addition, the Brazilian species (N. bucki and N. horvathi) are known only by female specimens. Here, Neoanthylla is revisited, the diagnoses of the valid species are improved, images of the holotypes of N. horvathi and N. peruviana are provided, and the male of N. horvathi is described for the first time, including genital characters.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Colombia: An annotated checklist of species

A checklist of 5 subfamilies, 108 genera, and 246 species of stinks bugs (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) from Colombia is provided. Three genera [Andrallus Bergroth, Placocoris Mayr, and Pseudobebaeus Distant], and eight species [Arocera spectabilis (Drury), Andrallus spinidens (Fabricius), Banasa excavata Thomas, Banasa saileri Thomas, Banasa varians Stål, Chinavia scutellata (Distant), Pelidnocoris haglundi Ruckes, and Pseudobebaeus truncatus (Fallou)] are recorded for the first time from Colombia. Images of dorsal external habitus for all genera that occur in Colombia are offered. This is the first time a comprehensive list of the stink bugs from Colombia is presented, providing a baseline to develop further studies in this group of true bugs.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Search for heavy resonances decaying to two Higgs bosons in final states containing four b quarks

A search is presented for narrow heavy resonances X decaying into pairs of Higgs bosons (H) in proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at root s = 8 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb(-1). The search considers HH resonances with masses between 1 and 3 TeV, having final states of two b quark pairs. Each Higgs boson is produced with large momentum, and the hadronization products of the pair of b quarks can usually be reconstructed as single large jets. The background from multijet and t (t) over bar events is significantly reduced by applying requirements related to the flavor of the jet, its mass, and its substructure. The signal would be identified as a peak on top of the dijet invariant mass spectrum of the remaining background events. No evidence is observed for such a signal. Upper limits obtained at 95 confidence level for the product of the production cross section and branching fraction sigma(gg -> X) B(X -> HH -> b (b) over barb (b) over bar) range from 10 to 1.5 fb for the mass of X from 1.15 to 2.0 TeV, significantly extending previous searches. For a warped extra dimension theory with amass scale Lambda(R) = 1 TeV, the data exclude radion scalar masses between 1.15 and 1.55 TeV