22 research outputs found

    Microwave sensor system for continuous monitoring of adhesive curing processes

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    A microwave sensor system has been developed for monitoring adhesive curing processes. The system provides continuous, real-time information about the curing progress without interfering with the reaction. An open-coaxial resonator is used as the sensor head, and measurements of its resonance frequency and quality factor are performed during cure to follow the reaction progress. Additionally, the system provides other interesting parameters such as reaction rate or cure time. The adhesive dielectric properties can also be computed off-line, which gives additional information about the process. The results given by the system correlate very well with conventional measurement techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, combining accuracy and rate with simplicity and an affordable cost. © 2012 IOP Publishing Ltd.The authors thank Rut Benavente Martinez for her assistance in the DSC experiments. The contract of BG-B is financed by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain, through the 'Torres Quevedo' Sub-programme, which is also co-financed by the European Social Fund (ESF). This work has been financed by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain through the project MONIDIEL (TEC2008-04109).GarcĂ­a Baños, B.; CatalĂĄ Civera, JM.; Penaranda-Foix, FL.; CanĂłs MarĂ­n, AJ.; Sahuquillo Navarro, O. (2012). Microwave sensor system for continuous monitoring of adhesive curing processes. Measurement Science and Technology. 23(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/3/035101S233Jost, M., & Sernek, M. (2008). Shear strength development of the phenol–formaldehyde adhesive bond during cure. Wood Science and Technology, 43(1-2), 153-166. doi:10.1007/s00226-008-0217-2Costa, M. L., Botelho, E. C., Paiva, J. M. F. de, & Rezende, M. C. (2005). Characterization of cure of carbon/epoxy prepreg used in aerospace field. Materials Research, 8(3), 317-322. doi:10.1590/s1516-14392005000300016Chen, J., & Hojjati, M. (2007). Microdielectric analysis and curing kinetics of an epoxy resin system. Polymer Engineering & Science, 47(2), 150-158. doi:10.1002/pen.20687Sernek, M., & Kamke, F. A. (2007). Application of dielectric analysis for monitoring the cure process of phenol formaldehyde adhesive. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 27(7), 562-567. doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2006.10.004NĂșñez, L., GĂłmez-Barreiro, S., Gracia-FernĂĄndez, C. A., & NĂșñez, M. R. (2004). Use of the dielectric analysis to complement previous thermoanalytical studies on the system diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/1,2 diamine cyclohexane. Polymer, 45(4), 1167-1175. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2003.12.024Lefebvre, D. R., Han, J., Lipari, J. M., Long, M. A., McSwain, R. L., & Wells, H. C. (2006). Dielectric analysis for in-situ monitoring of gelatin renaturation and crosslinking. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 101(5), 2765-2775. doi:10.1002/app.21631Cordovez, M., Li, Y., & Karbhari, V. M. (2004). Assessment of Dielectrometry for Characterization of Processing and Moisture Absorption in FRP Composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 23(4), 445-456. doi:10.1177/0731684404031980Das, N. K., Voda, S. M., & Pozar, D. M. (1987). Two Methods for the Measurement of Substrate Dielectric Constant. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 35(7), 636-642. doi:10.1109/tmtt.1987.1133722Fioretto, D., Livi, A., Rolla, P. A., Socino, G., & Verdini, L. (1994). The dynamics of poly(n-butyl acrylate) above the glass transition. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 6(28), 5295-5302. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/6/28/007Givot, B. L., Krupka, J., & Belete, D. Y. (s. f.). Split post dielectric resonator technique for dielectric cure monitoring of structural adhesives. 13th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications. MIKON - 2000. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.00EX428). doi:10.1109/mikon.2000.913931Canos, A. J., Catala-Civera, J. M., Penaranda-Foix, F. L., & Reyes-Davo, E. (2006). A novel technique for deembedding the unloaded resonance frequency from measurements of microwave cavities. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 54(8), 3407-3416. doi:10.1109/tmtt.2006.877833Marks, R. B., & Williams, D. F. (1992). A general waveguide circuit theory. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 97(5), 533. doi:10.6028/jres.097.024Harrington, R. F. (1967). Matrix methods for field problems. Proceedings of the IEEE, 55(2), 136-149. doi:10.1109/proc.1967.5433Baker-Jarvis, J., Janezic, M. D., Domich, P. D., & Geyer, R. G. (1994). Analysis of an open-ended coaxial probe with lift-off for nondestructive testing. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 43(5), 711-718. doi:10.1109/19.328897Taylor, B. N. (1994). Guidelines for evaluating and expressing the uncertainty of NIST measurement results. doi:10.6028/nist.tn.1297Casalini, R., Corezzi, S., Livi, A., Levita, G., & Rolla, P. A. (1997). Dielectric parameters to monitor the crosslink of epoxy resins. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 65(1), 17-25. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19970705)65:13.0.co;2-tPreu, H., & Mengel, M. (2007). Experimental and theoretical study of a fast curing adhesive. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 27(4), 330-337. doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2006.06.004Harper, D. P., Wolcott, M. P., & Rials, T. G. (2001). Evaluation of the cure kinetics of the wood/pMDI bondline. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 21(2), 137-144. doi:10.1016/s0143-7496(00)00045-2Garcia-Banos, B., Canos, A. J., Penaranda-Foix, F. L., & Catala-Civera, J. M. (2011). Noninvasive Monitoring of Polymer Curing Reactions by Dielectrometry. IEEE Sensors Journal, 11(1), 62-70. doi:10.1109/jsen.2010.2050475He, Y. (2001). DSC and DEA studies of underfill curing kinetics. Thermochimica Acta, 367-368, 101-106. doi:10.1016/s0040-6031(00)00654-7NĂșñez-Regueira, L., Gracia-FernĂĄndez, C. A., & GĂłmez-Barreiro, S. (2005). Use of rheology, dielectric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry for gel time determination of a thermoset. Polymer, 46(16), 5979-5985. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2005.05.06

    An embedding technique to determine ττ backgrounds in proton-proton collision data

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    An embedding technique is presented to estimate standard model tau tau backgrounds from data with minimal simulation input. In the data, the muons are removed from reconstructed mu mu events and replaced with simulated tau leptons with the same kinematic properties. In this way, a set of hybrid events is obtained that does not rely on simulation except for the decay of the tau leptons. The challenges in describing the underlying event or the production of associated jets in the simulation are avoided. The technique described in this paper was developed for CMS. Its validation and the inherent uncertainties are also discussed. The demonstration of the performance of the technique is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions collected by CMS in 2017 at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 41.5 fb(-1).Peer reviewe

    Performance of missing transverse momentum reconstruction in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV using the CMS detector

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    The performance of missing transverse momentum ((p) over right arrow (miss)(T)) reconstruction algorithms for the CMS experiment is presented, using proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected at the CERN LHC in 2016. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The results include measurements of the scale and resolution of (p) over right arrow (miss)(T), and detailed studies of events identified with anomalous (p) over right arrow (miss)(T). The performance is presented of a (p) over right arrow (miss)(T) reconstruction algorithm that mitigates the effects of multiple proton-proton interactions, using the "pileup per particle identification" method. The performance is shown of an algorithm used to estimate the compatibility of the reconstructed (p) over right arrow (miss)(T) with the hypothesis that it originates from resolution effects.Peer reviewe

    Overview of the RFX Fusion Science Program

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    With a program well-balanced among the goal of exploring the fusion potential of the reversed field pinch (RFP) and that of contributing to the solution of key science and technology prob- lems in the roadmap to ITER, the European RFX-mod device has produced a set of high-quality results since the last 2010 Fusion Energy Conference. RFX-mod is a 2 MA RFP, which can also be operated as a tokamak and where advanced confinement states have 3D features studied with stellarator tools. Self-organized equilibria with a single helical axis and improved confinement (SHAx) have been deeply investigated and a more profound understanding of their physics has been achieved. First wall conditioning with Lithium provides a tool to operate RFX at higher density than before, and application of helical magnetic boundary conditions favour stationary SHAx states. The correlation between the quality of helical states and the reduction of magnetic field errors acting as seed of magnetic chaos has been robustly proven. Helical states provide a unique test-bed for numerical codes conceived to deal with 3D effects in all magnetic configura- tions. In particular the stellarator equilibrium codes VMEC and V3FIT have been successfully adapted to reconstruct RFX-mod equilibria with diagnostic input. The border of knowledge has been significantly expanded also in the area of feedback control of MHD stability. Non-linear dynamics of tearing modes and their control has been modelled, allowing for optimization of feedback models. An integrated dynamic model of the RWM control system has been developed integrating the plasma response to multiple RWMs with active and passive conducting structures (CarMa model) and with a complete representation of the control system. RFX has been oper- ated as a tokamak with safety factor kept below 2, with complete active stabilization of the p2, 1q Resistive Wall Mode (RWM). This opens the exploration of a broad and interesting operational range otherwise excluded to standard tokamaks. Control experiments and modelling led to the design of a significant upgrade of the RFX-mod feedback control system to dramatically enhance computing power and reduce system latency. The possibility of producing D-shaped plasmas is being explore

    ISARIC-COVID-19 dataset: A Prospective, Standardized, Global Dataset of Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19

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    The International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 dataset is one of the largest international databases of prospectively collected clinical data on people hospitalized with COVID-19. This dataset was compiled during the COVID-19 pandemic by a network of hospitals that collect data using the ISARIC-World Health Organization Clinical Characterization Protocol and data tools. The database includes data from more than 705,000 patients, collected in more than 60 countries and 1,500 centres worldwide. Patient data are available from acute hospital admissions with COVID-19 and outpatient follow-ups. The data include signs and symptoms, pre-existing comorbidities, vital signs, chronic and acute treatments, complications, dates of hospitalization and discharge, mortality, viral strains, vaccination status, and other data. Here, we present the dataset characteristics, explain its architecture and how to gain access, and provide tools to facilitate its use

    Search for top quark partners with charge 5/3 in the same-sign dilepton and single-lepton final states in proton-proton collisions at s=13 \sqrt{s}=13 TeV

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    Measurement of associated production of a W boson and a charm quark in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

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    Measurements are presented of associated production of a W\mathrm {W} boson and a charm quark ( W+c\mathrm {W}+\mathrm {c} ) in proton–proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13  TeV\,\text {Te}\text {V} . The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.7  fb−1\,\text {fb}^{-1} collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC. The W\mathrm {W} bosons are identified by their decay into a muon and a neutrino. The charm quarks are tagged via the full reconstruction of D∗(2010)±{\mathrm {D}^{*}(2010)^{\pm }} mesons that decay via D∗(2010)±→D0+π±→K∓+π±+π±{\mathrm {D}^{*}(2010)^{\pm }}\rightarrow \mathrm {D}^0 + {\pi ^{\pm }}\rightarrow \mathrm {K}^{\mp } + {\pi ^{\pm }}+ {\pi ^{\pm }} . A cross section is measured in the fiducial region defined by the muon transverse momentum pTÎŒ>26 GeVp_{\mathrm {T}} ^{\mu } > 26\,\text {Ge}\text {V} , muon pseudorapidity âˆŁÎ·ÎŒâˆŁ5 GeV|\eta ^{\mu } | 5\,\text {Ge}\text {V} . The inclusive cross section for this kinematic range is σ(W+c)=1026±31 (stat)+76−72 (syst) pb\sigma (\mathrm {W}+\mathrm {c})=1026\pm 31\,\text {(stat)} \begin{array}{c} +76\\ -72 \end{array}\,\text {(syst)} \text { pb} . The cross section is also measured differentially as a function of the pseudorapidity of the muon from the W\mathrm {W} boson decay. These measurements are compared with theoretical predictions and are used to probe the strange quark content of the proton

    Measurement of exclusive ρ(770)0\rho(770)^0 photoproduction in ultraperipheral pPb collisions at sNN=\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02 TeV

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    Exclusive ρ0\rho^0(770) photoproduction is measured for the first time in ultraperipheral pPb collisions at sNN=\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02 TeV with the CMS detector. The cross section σ(Îł\sigma (\gammap →\to ρ0\rho^0(770)p) is 11.2 ±\pm 1.4 (stat) ±\pm 1.0 (syst) ÎŒ\mub at ⟹WÎłp⟩=\langle W_{\gamma\mathrm{p}}\rangle = 92.6 GeV for photon-proton centre-of-mass energies WÎłpW_{\gamma\mathrm{p}} between 29 and 213 GeV. The differential cross section dσ/\sigma/d∣t∣|t| is measured in the interval 0.025<∣t∣<1 < |t| < 1 GeV2^{2} as a function of WÎłpW_{\gamma\mathrm{p}}, where tt is the squared four-momentum transfer at the proton vertex. The results are compared with previous measurements and theoretical predictions. The measured cross section σ(Îł\sigma (\gamma p→ρ0 \to \rho^0(770)p) has a power-law dependence on the photon-proton centre-of-mass, consistent with electron-proton collision measurements performed at HERA. The WÎłpW_{\gamma\mathrm{p}} dependence of the exponential slope of the differential cross section dσ/\sigma/d∣t∣|t| is also measured and is consistent with the previous measurements

    Pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons in xenon-xenon collisions at sNN=\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.44 TeV

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    Measurements of the pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons produced in xenon-xenon collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of √sNN=5.44TeVare presented. The measurements are based on data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The yield of primary charged hadrons produced in xenon-xenon collisions in the pseudorapidity range |η| <3.2is determined using the silicon pixel detector in the CMS tracking system. For the 5% most central collisions, the charged-hadron pseudorapidity density in the midrapidity region |η| <0.5is found to be 1187 ±36(syst), with a negligible statistical uncertainty. The rapidity distribution of charged hadrons is also presented in the range |y| <3.2and is found to be independent of rapidity around y =0. Existing Monte-Carlo event generators are unable to simultaneously describe both results. Comparisons of charged-hadron multiplicities between xenon-xenon and lead-lead collisions at similar collision energies show that particle production at midrapidity is strongly dependent on the collision geometry in addition to the system size and collision energy
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