45 research outputs found

    Immunglobulin-basierte Strategien zur Verlängerung der Halbwertszeit rekombinanter Proteine

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    With numerous small recombinant proteins being developed for treatment of various diseases, half-life extension strategies are becoming increasingly vital for the creation of long lasting and efficient biotherapeutics. Because of their small size, these proteins are rapidly cleared from plasma circulation and lose a lot of their potential as therapeutic. Using immunoglobulin-binding domains (IgBD), in particular domain C3 from Streptococcus protein G (SpGC3), can substantially increase the half-life by forming transient complexes with endogenous IgG molecules. This complex formation needs to occur at neutral pH to prevent rapid renal clearance, but also under acidic conditions, facilitating the salvage from lysosomal degradation via the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). In order to enable FcRn recycling, the major binding site of SpGC3 to the IgG-Fc part was eliminated, since it is overlapping with the FcRn binding site, generating the CH1 specific domain SpGC3Fab. Affinity maturation towards the Fab fragment resulted in domains SpGC3FabRR and SpGC3FabRR,E15V showing significantly increased terminal half-lives as scDb-IgBD fusion proteins. Since the IgBDs originate from bacterial proteins, they might provoke immunogenic reactions and the production of anti-drug antibodies. For deimmunization, possible T-cell epitopes were identified by sequence and structure-based analysis and eliminated by combination of single amino acid substitutions. This resulted in deimmunized IgBDs that were able to strongly increase the terminal half-life as scDb fusion proteins. The application of SpGC3FabRR to recombinant human erythropoietin (huEPO) resulted in a roughly 5-fold increased terminal half-life compared to the unmodified huEPO that also translated into increased hemoglobin concentration after one single intravenous injection. Furthermore, a comparative study of various Fc fusion proteins revealed that a multitude of factors is jointly responsible for the long half-life of full-length IgG molecules. Although possessing an identical huIgG1 Fc part and affinity to the moFcRn, neither an scFv-Fc nor an scDb-Fc or a single-chain version of the IgG molecule (scFv-scCLCH1-Fc) could reach the pharmacokinetic properties of the IgG molecule, not fully explainable by factors like size, isoelectric point and stability. All in all, the utilization of immunoglobulins and FcRn-mediated salvage via IgBDs and Fc fusion proteins is a powerful tool for the generation of recombinant fusion proteins with favorable pharmacokinetic properties.Angesichts der Entwicklung einer Vielzahl kleiner rekombinanter Proteine, die für die Behandlung verschiedenster Krankheiten eingesetzt werden, nimmt das Interesse an Strategien zur Halbwertszeitverlängerung zu, um lang zirkulierende und effiziente Biotherapeutika zu entwerfen. Aufgrund ihrer geringen Größe werden diese Proteine schnell aus dem Blutkreislauf eliminiert und verlieren einen Großteil ihrer therapeutischen Wirksamkeit. Die Verwendung von Immunglobulin-bindenden Domänen (IgBD), insbesondere Domäne C3 von Protein G aus Streptococcus (SpGC3), führt zu einer deutlichen Erhöhung der Halbwertszeit rekombinanter Proteine, indem sie transiente Komplexe mit körpereigenen IgG Molekülen bildet. Diese Komplexbildung muss sowohl bei neutralem als auch saurem pH im Endosom auftreten und kann eine schnelle Ausscheidung in der Niere sowie den lysosomalen Abbau durch Recycling über den neonatalen Fc Rezeptor (FcRn) verhindern. Da die Bindestelle von SpGC3 und FcRn am IgG-Fc Teil überlappen, wurde diese bei der IgBD beseitigt und die CH1 spezifische Domäne SpGC3Fab generiert, um besseres FcRn Recycling zu ermöglichen. Die Domänen SpGC3FabRR und SpGC3FabRR,E15V, die durch CH1-gerichtete Affinitätsreifungen entstanden, zeigten signifikant erhöhte terminale Halbwertszeiten als scDb-IgBD Fusionsproteine. Da die IgBDs aus bakteriellen Proteinen hervorgingen, ist das Einsetzen einer Immunantwort und die damit verbundene Produktion von Antikörpern gegen das Medikament möglich. Für eine Deimmunisierung wurden daher mögliche T-Zell Epitope mittels sequenz- und strukturbasierter Untersuchung identifiziert und durch eine Kombination einzelner Aminosäureaustausche beseitigt. Die so entstandenen deimmunisierten IgBDs konnten die terminale Halbwertszeit als scDb Fusionsproteine deutlich steigern. Die Fusion von SpGC3FabRR mit rekombinantem humanem Erythropoietin (huEPO) erhöhte dessen Halbwertszeit ungefähr 5-fach, verglichen mit nicht modifiziertem huEPO. Diese verbesserte Pharmakokinetik spiegelte sich auch in einer erhöhten Hämoglobin Konzentration nach einmaliger intravenöser Gabe wieder. Außerdem zeigte eine vergleichende Studie verschiedener Fc Fusionsproteine, dass eine Vielzahl von Faktoren für die lange Halbwertszeit von ganzen IgG Molekülen mitverantwortlich ist. Obwohl alle Fusionsproteine einen identischen huIgG1 Fc Teil mit gleicher Affinität zum FcRn besaßen, konnten weder ein scFv-Fc, noch ein scDb-Fc oder eine einzelkettige Version des IgG Moleküls (scFv-scCLCH1-Fc) die pharmakokinetischen Eigenschaften des IgG Moleküls erreichen. Faktoren wie Größe, isoelektischer Punkt und Stabilität sind nicht in der Lage dies hinreichend zu erklären. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass die Verwendung von Immunglobulinen und FcRn-abhängigem Recycling durch IgBDs und Fc Fusionsproteine rekombinante Fusionsproteine mit vorteilhaften pharmakokinetischen Eigenschaften schaffen kann

    Search for direct pair production of the top squark in all-hadronic final states in proton-proton collisions at s√ = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

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    The results of a search for direct pair production of the scalar partner to the top quark using an integrated luminosity of 20.1 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at s√ = 8 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC are reported. The top squark is assumed to decay via t¯ →tχ¯01 or t¯ →bχ¯±1 →bW(∗)χ¯01 , where χ¯01 (χ¯±1) denotes the lightest neutralino (chargino) in supersymmetric models. The search targets a fully-hadronic final state in events with four or more jets and large missing transverse momentum. No significant excess over the Standard Model background prediction is observed, and exclusion limits are reported in terms of the top squark and neutralino masses and as a function of the branching fraction of t¯ →tχ¯01 . For a branching fraction of 100%, top squark masses in the range 270–645 GeV are excluded for χ¯01 masses below 30 GeV. For a branching fraction of 50% to either t¯ →tχ¯01 or t¯ →bχ¯±1 , and assuming the χ¯±1 mass to be twice the χ¯01 mass, top squark masses in the range 250–550 GeV are excluded for χ¯01 masses below 60 GeV

    Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

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    A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

    Measurement of the W boson polarisation in ttˉt\bar{t} events from pp collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 8 TeV in the lepton + jets channel with ATLAS

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    Measurements of top-quark pair differential cross-sections in the eμe\mu channel in pppp collisions at s=13\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV using the ATLAS detector

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    Measurement of the charge asymmetry in top-quark pair production in the lepton-plus-jets final state in pp collision data at s=8TeV\sqrt{s}=8\,\mathrm TeV{} with the ATLAS detector

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    Search for dark matter in association with a Higgs boson decaying to bb-quarks in pppp collisions at s=13\sqrt s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

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    Search for single production of vector-like quarks decaying into Wb in pp collisions at s=8\sqrt{s} = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

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    Measurement of the bbb\overline{b} dijet cross section in pp collisions at s=7\sqrt{s} = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

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    ATLAS Run 1 searches for direct pair production of third-generation squarks at the Large Hadron Collider

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