Daya Antagonisme Trichoderma Spp. Terhadap Beberapa Spesies Kapang Patogen Dari Rhizosfer Tanah Pertanian Kedelai

Pengendalian hayati kapang patogen pada tanaman dapat dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan kapang antagonis. Beberapa spesies kapang yang bersifat antagonis telah ditemukan dalam rhizosfer tanah pertanian kedelai, yaitu: Trichoderma artroviride, T. viride, dan T. harzianum. Selain itu telah ditemukan juga beberapa spesies kapang patogen, yaitu: Fusarium verticillioides, F. equiseti, F. avenaceum, Geotrichum candidum, Alternaria tenuis. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah : 1) menguji daya antagonisme Trichoderma spp. terhadap beberapa spesies kapang patogen tular tanah di rhizosfer tanah pertanian kedelai; 2) menentukan spesies kapang Trichoderma yang mempunyai daya antagonisme tertinggi terhadap kapang patogen uji; 3) meneliti mekanisme antagonisme antara kapang Trichoderma terhadap kapang patogen uji. Sampel tanah diambil dari tanah pertanian kedelai di Genteng, Banyuwangi. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Negeri Malang. Metode pengujian dilakukan dengan metode dual culture dengan menggunakan medium lempeng Czapek Agar (CA), kemudian diinkubasikan pada suhu 250-270C dalam waktu 4x24 jam, kemudian dilakukan perhitungan daya antagonisme. Analisis mekanisme antagonisme antara kapang Trichodrma terhadap kapang patogen dilakukan berdasarkan hasil pengamatan makroskopis dan mikroskopis. Analisis data dengan ANAVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji BNT 5%. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa : 1) ada perbedaan daya antagonisme Trichoderma spp. terhadap kapang patogen Fusarium verticillioides, F.equeseti, F. avenaceum, Alternaria tenuis, dan tidak ada perbedaan daya antagonisme Trichoderma spp. terhadap kapang patogen Geotrichum candidum; 2) spesies kapang Trichoderma yang mempunyai daya antagonisme tertingggi terhadap beberapa spesies kapang patogen ialah Trichoderma artroviride; 3) mekanisme antagonsime antara Trichoderma spp. dengan cara mikoparasitisme, yaitu hifa Trichoderma membelit atau menempel pada hifa kapang patogen sehingga menyebabkan kerusakan struktur dari hifa dan penghambatan pertumbuhan kapang patogen

Analisis Dan Perancangan Aplikasi Penuntun Jalan Dengan Perintah Suara Berbahasa Indonesia Pada Perangkat Bergerak Berbasis Android

Perangkat bergerak berbasis Android selain memiliki layanan berbasis lokasi untuk mengetahui semua informasi mengenai lokasi perangkat serta informasi tempat di seluruh dunia, perangkat ini juga memiliki layanan pengenalan suara manusia. Dari kedua layanan itulah muncul ide untuk menggabungkan kedua teknologi tersebut dengan membangun sebuah aplikasi penuntun jalan dengan perintah suara berbahasa Indonesia pada perangkat bergerak Android. Bahasa Indonesia dipilih karena jumlah pengguna bahasa ini sangat banyak, mengingat Indonesia termasuk dalam urutan 4 terbesar di dunia dalam hal kepadatan penduduk. Teknologi pengenalan suara dalam aplikasi ini menggunakan API masukan suara yang disediakan oleh Google pada perangkat Android. Teknologi API masukan suara ini mengubah masukan suara menjadi teks yang selanjutnya diproses sesuai dengan pola kalimat dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Respon dari aplikasi pun diberikan kepada pengguna dalam bentuk suara menerapkan teknologi teks-ke-suara yang tersedia pada perangkat bergerak berbasis Android. Informasi mengenai lokasi didapatkan dari sinyal GPS untuk mendeteksi lokasi pengguna dan Google Maps untuk mendapatkan informasi peta dunia. Selain untuk menampilkan peta, Google Maps juga digunakan oleh aplikasi ini untuk mendapatkan rute terpendek dari perjalanan pengguna aplikasi. Aplikasi menuntun pengguna dengan instruksi-instruksi yang dikeluarkan melalui suara hingga perjalanan pengguna berakhir di tujuan

Prevalence of active HCV infection among the blood donors of Khyber Pakhtunkwa and FATA region of Pakistan and evaluation of the screening tests for anti-HCV

Hepatitis C is a fatal liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus. In this study, blood donors, from various districts of the KPK province and the federally administered tribal area (FATA) of Pakistan were tested for anti-HCV antibodies and HCV RNA by ICT (Immuno-chromatographic test), ELISA and RT-PCR. Out of the 7148 blood donors, 224 (3.13%) were positive for anti-HCV antibodies by ICT, 135 (1.89%) by ELISA while 118 (1.65%) blood donors had active HCV infection as detected by RT-PCR. We suggest that ELISA should be used for anti-HCV screening in public sector hospitals and health care units

Duplex PCR assay for the detection of avian adeno virus and chicken anemia virus prevalent in Pakistan

Avian Adeno viruses and Chicken Anemia Viruses cause serious economic losses to the poultry industry of Pakistan each year. Timely and efficient diagnosis of the viruses is needed in order to practice prevention and control strategies. In the first part of this study, we investigated broilers, breeder and Layer stocks for morbidity and mortality rates due to AAV and CAV infections and any co-infections by examining signs and symptoms typical of their infestation or post mortem examination. In the second part of the study, we developed a duplex PCR assay for the detection of AAV and CAV which is capable to simultaneously detect both the viral types prevalent in Pakistan with high sensitivity and 100% specificity

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM LINN. FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS

Objective: The initial study was to screen the phytochemical content of methanol extract of M. malabathricum from seven different locations. The other objective was to evaluate the total phenolic content (TPC), Total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant potential and cytotoxic activity (on Hepatoma G2 cells) of these extracts and to determine the relationship between TPC and other parameters.Methods: The preliminary phytochemical screening for the presence of the secondary metabolite was carried out according to standard procedures. TheTPC,TFC and antioxidant activity were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminium chloride (colorimetric) methodand1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity respectively.Results: Qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of tannins, analkaloid, steroids, flavonoid, phenols, terpenoids and fixed oil but tested negative for the presence of glycoside and saponins. The samples were found to have high TPC and antioxidant activity. The Bachok Kelantan sample (L7) showed highest phenolic content (671.51±50.07 mg of GAE/g) as well as highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (80.81% and IC50 102 µg/ml). The highest cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells (IC50 1.4µg/ml) was shown by KualaTerengganu, Terengganu sample (L1). The Spearman correlation showed that, there is a strong positive correlation between TPC and antioxidant activity (r = 0.714) as well as strong negative correlation between MTT IC50 and TPC (R =-0.649) of M. malabathricum from different locations. Moreover, there is a weak positive correlation between TFC and antioxidant activity (R = 0.286, p= 0.535). Also, there is poor correlation between TFC and cytotoxicity (R =-0.216, p= 0.64).Conclusion: The phenolic compounds are associated with the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of M. malabathricum, whereas flavonoids are poorly and weakly associated with cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of M. malabathricum respectively. The total phenolic content, mean flavonoid content and mean antioxidant activity of M. malabathricum from different locations were significantly different across seven locations (p<0.05).Â

A Miniaturized Ultra-Focal Magnetic Stimulator and Its Preliminary Application to the Peripheral Nervous System

AbstractTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique used in the clinic to treat several neurological disorders and psychiatric diseases. One of TMS's significant limitations is its low spatial resolution, which often results in a mismatch between the target area in the brain and the stimulation site on the scalp. To enhance its spatial resolution, we designed and built a complete stimulation system complete with a millimetric-diameter coil and microscopic traces (μCoil). The first tests conducted on healthy volunteers showed that the μCoil stimulation of the radial nerve in the wrist could indeed evoke somatosensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs). In this chapter, we study this nerve stimulation system with electromagnetic and neuron simulators on a neurofunctionalized model from the Virtual Population (ViP v.4) and a μCoil figure-8 geometry. In particular, we study how changes in the μCoil geometry, such as the number of layers, shape, and length of an iron or air core, may help to promote the generation of somatosensory nerve action potentials

Advances in tenascin-C biology

Tenascin-C is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that is specifically and transiently expressed upon tissue injury. Upon tissue damage, tenascin-C plays a multitude of different roles that mediate both inflammatory and fibrotic processes to enable effective tissue repair. In the last decade, emerging evidence has demonstrated a vital role for tenascin-C in cardiac and arterial injury, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, as well as in modulating stem cell behavior. Here we highlight the molecular mechanisms by which tenascin-C mediates these effects and discuss the implications of mis-regulated tenascin-C expression in driving disease pathology

A novel formulation of inhaled sodium cromoglicate (PA101) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic cough: a randomised, double-blind, proof-of-concept, phase 2 trial

Background Cough can be a debilitating symptom of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and is difficult to treat. PA101 is a novel formulation of sodium cromoglicate delivered via a high-efficiency eFlow nebuliser that achieves significantly higher drug deposition in the lung compared with the existing formulations. We aimed to test the efficacy and safety of inhaled PA101 in patients with IPF and chronic cough and, to explore the antitussive mechanism of PA101, patients with chronic idiopathic cough (CIC) were also studied. Methods This pilot, proof-of-concept study consisted of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with IPF and chronic cough and a parallel study of similar design in patients with CIC. Participants with IPF and chronic cough recruited from seven centres in the UK and the Netherlands were randomly assigned (1:1, using a computer-generated randomisation schedule) by site staff to receive PA101 (40 mg) or matching placebo three times a day via oral inhalation for 2 weeks, followed by a 2 week washout, and then crossed over to the other arm. Study participants, investigators, study staff, and the sponsor were masked to group assignment until all participants had completed the study. The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline in objective daytime cough frequency (from 24 h acoustic recording, Leicester Cough Monitor). The primary efficacy analysis included all participants who received at least one dose of study drug and had at least one post-baseline efficacy measurement. Safety analysis included all those who took at least one dose of study drug. In the second cohort, participants with CIC were randomly assigned in a study across four centres with similar design and endpoints. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02412020) and the EU Clinical Trials Register (EudraCT Number 2014-004025-40) and both cohorts are closed to new participants. Findings Between Feb 13, 2015, and Feb 2, 2016, 24 participants with IPF were randomly assigned to treatment groups. 28 participants with CIC were enrolled during the same period and 27 received study treatment. In patients with IPF, PA101 reduced daytime cough frequency by 31·1% at day 14 compared with placebo; daytime cough frequency decreased from a mean 55 (SD 55) coughs per h at baseline to 39 (29) coughs per h at day 14 following treatment with PA101, versus 51 (37) coughs per h at baseline to 52 (40) cough per h following placebo treatment (ratio of least-squares [LS] means 0·67, 95% CI 0·48–0·94, p=0·0241). By contrast, no treatment benefit for PA101 was observed in the CIC cohort; mean reduction of daytime cough frequency at day 14 for PA101 adjusted for placebo was 6·2% (ratio of LS means 1·27, 0·78–2·06, p=0·31). PA101 was well tolerated in both cohorts. The incidence of adverse events was similar between PA101 and placebo treatments, most adverse events were mild in severity, and no severe adverse events or serious adverse events were reported. Interpretation This study suggests that the mechanism of cough in IPF might be disease specific. Inhaled PA101 could be a treatment option for chronic cough in patients with IPF and warrants further investigation